Honky
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Honky (also spelled honkey) is a racial slur used to refer to white people,[1] predominantly heard in the United States.
The first recorded use of "honky" in this context may date back to 1946,[2][3] although the use of "honky-tonk" occurred in films well before that time.
Etymology
[edit]The exact origins of the word are generally unknown and postulations about the subject vary.
Hungarian
[edit]Honky may be a variant of hunky, which was a derivative of Bohunk, a slur for various Slavic and Hungarian immigrants who moved to America from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the early 1900s.[4]
Wolof
[edit]Honky may also derive from the term "xonq nopp" which, in the West African language Wolof, literally means "red-eared person". The term may have originated with Wolof-speaking people brought to the U.S.[5] It has been used by Black Americans as a pejorative for white people.[6]
Other
[edit]Honky may have come from coal miners in Oak Hill, West Virginia. The miners were segregated; Blacks in one section, English-speaking whites in another. Foreigners who could not speak English, mostly whites, were separated from both groups into an area known as "Hunk Hill". These male laborers were known as "Hunkies".[7]
The term may have begun in the meat packing plants of Chicago. According to Robert Hendrickson, author of the Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, Black workers in Chicago meatpacking plants picked up the term from white workers and began applying it indiscriminately to all whites.[8]
Notable uses
[edit]Honky was adopted as a pejorative in 1967 by black militants within Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) seeking a rebuttal for the term nigger. The Department of Defense stated in 1967 that National Chairman of the SNCC, H. Rap Brown, told a Black audience in Cambridge that "You should burn that school down and then go take over the honkie's school" on June 24, 1967. Brown went on to say: "[I]f America don't come 'round, we got to burn it down. You better get some guns, brother. The only thing the honky respects is a gun. You give me a gun and tell me to shoot my enemy, I might shoot Lady Bird."[9]
Honky has occasionally been used even for white allies of African Americans, as seen in the 1968 trial of Black Panther Party member Huey Newton, when fellow Panther Eldridge Cleaver created pins for Newton's white supporters stating "Honkies for Huey".[10]
"Father of the Blues" W. C. Handy wrote of "Negroes and hunkies" in his autobiography.[11]
Use in music
[edit]In the 2012 rap song "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ft. Wanz, "Damn, that's a cold ass honkey!" is used in reference to Macklemore and his secondhand clothes. Eminem, who is also a white American rapper, uses the line "He looked at me and said, 'You gonna die, honkey!'" in 1999's "Brain Damage." "Play That Funky Music," a 1976 disco/funk hit by Wild Cherry about a rock band adapting to the rise of disco, substitutes "honky" for "white boy" in the final chorus of the uncensored version.[12] The British band Hot Chocolate used "honky" and "spook" in their controversial 1973 hit single "Brother Louie" about an interracial relationship as the terms chosen by the respective fathers to slur their child's newfound lover.
Other uses of "honky" in music include "Honky Tonk Women" a 1969 song by the Rolling Stones, Honky (an album by Melvins), Honky Reduction (an album by Agoraphobic Nosebleed), MC Honky (DJ stage persona), Honky Château (an album by Elton John, the first track on which is "Honky Cat"), Talkin' Honky Blues (an album by Buck 65), and Honky (an album by Keith Emerson). Honky's Ladder is a 1996 EP by The Afghan Whigs.
The Chicago style of polka music is also known as honky polka.[13] The etymological connection remains unclear, but the word "honky-tonk" occurs often in country music, referring since the late 19th century to working-class nightclubs where country music is played.[14]
In 2022 Hank Williams Jr. released a blues album Rich White Honky Blues.
Use in television and film
[edit]In film, there were some movies using "honky" without any derogatory connotation. Honky Tonk is a 1929 American musical film starring Sophie Tucker. And Honky Tonk is also a 1941 black-and-white Western film starring Clark Gable and Lana Turner. The phrase honky-tonk refers both to a particular type of rowdy country music played live at bars and to the type of bar in which such music is played.[15]
Honky is a 1971 movie based on an interracial relationship, starring Brenda Sykes as Sheila Smith and John Neilson as Wayne "Honky" Devine. Honky Tonk is also a 1974 Western film starring Richard Crenna and Margot Kidder. Additionally, Honkytonk Man is a 1982 drama film set in the Great Depression. Clint Eastwood, who produced and directed the film, stars in the film with his son, Kyle Eastwood.
In a sketch on Saturday Night Live (SNL), Chevy Chase and Richard Pryor used both nigger (Chase) and honky (Pryor) in reference to one another during a "racist word association interview".[16] During this period, Steve Martin (as musical guest and stand-up regular on SNL) performed a rendition of "King Tut" which contained the word honky in its lyrics.
On the TV series Barney Miller, Season 5, Episode 8, "Loan Shark", Arthur Dietrich gives an etymology of the word "honky", claiming it was "coined by Blacks in the 1950s in reference to the nasal tone of Caucasians".[17]
On the TV series The Jeffersons, George Jefferson regularly referred to a white person as a honky (or whitey) as did Redd Foxx on Sanford and Son. This word would later be popularized in episodes of Mork & Mindy by Robin Williams and Jonathan Winters.
These and other shows, as exemplified by the controversial All in the Family, attempted to expose racism and prejudice as an issue in society using the subversive weapon of humor. However, the effect that this theme had on television created both negative and positive criticism[citation needed] and the use of anti-racist messages actually escalates the use of racial slurs.[18] The presence of higher education may countermand this effect.[19]
See also
[edit]
- Buckra
- Cracker
- Hillbilly
- List of ethnic slurs
- Redneck
- Whitey (slang)
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
- Honky-tonk
References
[edit]- ^ "Honky". Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Campbell, James (May 27, 1999). "Linguistic Notes: The jive descendants of the 'hipikat'". The Independent. Retrieved Dec 15, 2020.
- ^ "Honky". Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). 1989. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
1946 Mezzrow & Wolfe Really the Blues xii. 216 First Cat: Hey there Poppa Mezz, is you anywhere? Me: Man I'm down with it, stickin' like a honky.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Walker, Sheila S. (2001). African Roots/American Cultures: Africa in the Creation of the Americas. ISBN 9780742501652. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ Mother Wit from Laughing Barrel. Alan Dundes. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1973. page 138. Google eBook edition. retrieved 04.11.2015
- ^ Kline, M. (2011) Appalachian Heritage, (Vol. 59, No. 5, Summer 2011.)
- ^ Adams, Cecil (21 October 1988). "What's the origin of "honky"?". The Straight Dope.
- ^ Full text of US Army Intelligence report on SNCC at "African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War" website
- ^ "Radical Saul Alinsky: Prophet of Power to the People". Time. 2 March 1970. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- ^ Father of the Blues by William Christopher Handy. 1941 MacMillan. Page 214. no ISBN in this edition
- ^ Parisi, Robert (1976). Play That Funky Music (vinyl). Wild Cherry. USA: Epic Records.
- ^ Bohlman, Philip (2005). "Polka". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2014). Handbook to Life in America. Vol. 6. Facts On File, Inc. p. 85. ISBN 9781438119021.
- ^ Reno Evening Gazette (Nevada), 3 February 1900, pg. 2, col. 5. "Every child of the range can tell what honkatonk means and where it came from. Away, away back in the very early days, so the story goes, a party of cow punchers rode out from camp at sundown in search of recreation after a day of toil. They headed for a place of amusement, but lost the trail. From far out in the distance there finally came to their ears a 'honk-a-tonk-a-tonk-a-tonk-a,' which they mistook for the bass viol. They turned toward the sound, to find alas! a dock [sic] of wild geese. So honkatonk was named. N. Y. Sun.
- ^ Mooney, Paul (1975-12-13). "Racist Word Association Interview". Archived from the original on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
- ^ Legault, Lisa; Menon, Divya (6 July 2011). "Ironic Effects of Anti-Prejudice Messages". Association for Psychological Science (news). Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ Burke, Susan K. (18 September 2009). "Social Tolerance and Racist Materials in Public Libraries" (PDF). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 17 June 2013.