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Treaty of London (1604)

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Treaty of London
The Somerset House Conference, 19 August 1604, unknown artist
SignedAugust 28, 1604 (1604-08-28)
LocationLondon, England
LanguagesEnglish, Spanish, Latin

The Treaty of London (Spanish: Tratado de Londres), signed on 18 August O.S. (28 August N.S.) 1604,[1][2][3] concluded the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War. The treaty restored the status quo between the two nations. The negotiations probably took place at Somerset House in Westminster and are sometimes known as the Somerset House Conference.

Background

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The Anglo-Spanish War had been a complex and fluctuating conflict that also had connections with the Dutch Revolt, the French Wars of Religion, and the Nine Years' War in Ireland. The war by 1600 had been going on for nearly fifteen years with neither side gaining an overall benefit or a decisive advantage. The exhaustion of Spain, the rebellious opposition to the King's request for money, the mutinies of the troops in the Netherlands, and the fear of a renewal of a new war with France over the Duchy of Saluzzo all combined to emphasise the hopelessness of inflicting a vital blow on England.[4]

Early peace proposals

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In April 1600, Archduke Albert, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands, opened secret negotiations with England for a settlement but did not inform Madrid.[5] The following month, negotiations culminated in a meeting of a conference at Boulogne between representatives of Spain, England and Burgundy. Spain demanded the cession of the Cautionary Towns. England demanded free trade with Spain and her empire, freedom of English subjects from the inquisition and the exclusive right of having warships in the channel. The talks got nowhere, Spain contended that it was absurd to expect the sovereign of a worldwide empire to give the pas to a queen of a few islands.[4] By August the talks were off – mutual distrust[6] and United Provinces pressure made any agreement impossible. Despite this however diplomatic routes were open between England, Albert, and his wife, Isabella Clara Eugenia (Philip's sister). Letters from representatives showed that Albert, Isabella Clara Eugenia, and Philip were still anxious for peace despite their difference in policies.[7] Philip wanted to preserve the hegemony of the Spanish empire, whilst the Archduke and Isabella sought peace and friendly relations.[8]

After the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, her successor, James I, quickly sought to end the long and draining conflict. By this time Spanish hopes of a decisive military victory in the Netherlands, or a successful invasion of England, were relatively remote.[9] James was an idealistic practitioner of Christian peace and unity and also the son and successor to Mary, Queen of Scots, whose execution had been a proximate cause of the conflict. Philip III of Spain had also inherited the war from his predecessor, Philip II, and his treasuries had also been drained and so he warmly welcomed the offer and ordered the commencement of the difficult negotiations that followed.

The concern of the government in Madrid was to improve their dire military situation in the Netherlands by reducing or stopping English help to the Dutch rebels.[10] Meanwhile, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, heading the delegation of the States of Holland, tried to attract the complicity of the new English monarch in the conflict in Flanders, of which the focus was the Siege of Ostend.[11] The siege had become a struggle of bloody attrition after just over two years.[12]

The first moves towards peace were taken in June 1603, when Juan de Tassis headed a Spanish–Flemish Commission which visited London, seeking truces and mutual good faith. Tassis was despatched to England by Philip III of Spain to explore the possibilities for a settlement following Elizabeth's death.[13]

Archduke Albert had already sent his envoy Charles de Ligne, prince-count of Arenberg, to London and was joined by Juan de Tassis, in September 1603. Although De Tassis lacked full negotiating powers he was active behind the scene the following month in preparation for a settlement.[10]

Treaty

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At the end of 1603, the constable of Castile arrived in Brussels with the authorisation to conclude the treaty if one could be negotiated. On 19 May 1604, with the constable still waiting in the wings, the rest of the Habsburg delegation arrived in London and the English negotiating team was appointed.[10] The meetings took place in Somerset House, probably in the hall used by the Queen's council.[14]

English delegation

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Spanish delegations

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The Spanish negotiated with two delegations, one representing the King of Spain, the other the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, rulers of the Spanish Netherlands.[16]

Spanish delegation:

Delegation of the Spanish Netherlands:

Terms

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  • Spain recognizes the Protestant monarchy of England and renounces intentions to restore the Church of Rome in the country.
  • An end to Spanish military intervention in Ireland.[18][19]
  • An end to English disruption to Spanish trans-Atlantic shipping and colonial expansion (article 6).[20][21]
  • The English Channel opened to Spanish shipping.
  • An end to English intervention in the Dutch Revolt (articles 4,5,7); England withdraws military and financial support to the Dutch rebels.
  • Ships of both countries, merchants or warships, could use the mainland seaports of the other party for refit, shelter or buy provisions (article 10). Fleets of less than eight ships did not even have to ask for permission, which provided an extensive network of naval bases for the Spaniards in England to help their war against the Protestant Dutch.

The treaty was signed on 28 August (New Style), at Whitehall Palace, by the Constable of Castile who was lodged at Somerset House.[22][23] The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum.[24][19] It amounted to an acknowledgement by Spain that its hopes of restoring Roman Catholicism in England were at an end and it had to recognise the Protestant monarchy in England. In return, England ended its financial and military support for the Dutch rebellion, ongoing since the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585), and had to end its wartime disruption of Spanish trans-Atlantic shipping and colonial expansion.

Aftermath

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With England out of the way, the Spanish hoped for a knock-out blow that would force the Dutch into a peace by launching a huge campaign led by Ambrogio Spinola in 1606.[25] James still allowed the Dutch army to recruit English volunteer soldiers in their service – 8,000 having served in the Netherlands in 1605.[26] In addition, English corsairs were now finding their needs in the service of the Dutch, who preyed on Spanish shipping.[25] Conversely, Spanish warships and privateers were allowed to use English ports as naval bases to attack Dutch shipping[27] or to transport reinforcements to Flanders.[28] In November 1607, the costs of the recent wars with France, the Protestant Dutch as well as England resulted in Spain's bankruptcy. The Twelve Years' Truce was thus signed, which formally recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic.[29]

Gold medal minted in England in 1604 to commemorate the peace signed with Spain.

To the English public, the treaty was highly unpopular, viewing it as a "humiliating peace".[30] They felt that the King had deserted their ally the Netherlands in order to appease the Spanish, and it made James I "monumentally unpopular". Noel Caron, ambassador of the United Provinces to London, wrote that "no promulgation was ever received in London with more coolness, yes—with more sadness."[30][31][32] As such no public celebrations were held in England after the conclusion of the agreement.[33] The rift between James I's foreign policy and public opinion would widen some years later as a result of the "Spanish Match", when the Protestant House of Commons would confront the King over his marriage arrangement between Maria Anna of Spain (the daughter of Philip III of Spain) and James's son, Charles, the Prince of Wales.[34] The English delegation, however, considered the treaty with Spain a diplomatic victory which gave the English "peace with honour".[35][36] Gold and silver medals designed by Nicholas Hilliard were struck to commemorate the peace.[37]

The peace agreement was well received in Spain.[38][39] There were big public celebrations in the Spanish capital Valladolid from April to June 1605 in honour of the treaty and of the birth of Philip's son Philip IV of Spain.[40][41][42] Also present were the English ambassadorial delegation (which numbered 500) led by Lord Admiral Charles Howard. He had been sent by James I in return for Don Juan de Velasco having been sent to England to negotiate the peace the previous year.[43] The English delegation were welcomed with a warm reception and honours on 26 May which included Howard being received at the English college.[43] The treaty was then ratified in the Royal Palace of Valladolid in the presence of Howard the following month.[38] Some voices from the Catholic Church, however, expressed its concern to Philip III over his settlement with a "heretical power", especially Juan de Ribera, then bishop of Valencia who protested.[44] Once the agreement was concluded, Philip III appointed Don Pedro de Zuñiga as first Spanish resident ambassador to England.[45]

For the Spanish crown, there was hope after the peace treaty that England would eventually secure tolerance for Catholics. The Gunpowder Plot in 1605, however, destroyed any possibility of this.[46] Protestant fears that a peace with Spain would ultimately mean an invasion by Jesuits and Catholic sympathisers over the coming years also failed to materialise as the Elizabethan Recusancy laws were rigidly enforced by Parliament.[47]

Following the signing of the treaty, England and Spain remained at peace until 1625.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ see Old Style and New Style dates: the date in brackets the Gregorian Calendar used in Spain but not in England or Scotland at that time
  2. ^ Ratified by the King of Spain on and ratified on 5/15 June 1605 and by King James I on 19/29 August 1604
  3. ^ Davenport, pp. 246– 257
  4. ^ a b Corbett, J S (1916). The Successors of Drake. Longmans Green and Co. p. 291.
  5. ^ Maltby p. 120
  6. ^ Duerloo, Luc (2016). Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598–1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-1317147282.
  7. ^ Wernham, R. B. (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-19-820443-5.
  8. ^ McCoog pp. 222–23
  9. ^ Reed, Richard Burton (1970). Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604. University of Wisconsin – Madison. p. 5.
  10. ^ a b c Brown, Elliott, Museo del Prado p. 14
  11. ^ Fissel pp. 186–87
  12. ^ Rowse p. 413
  13. ^ van Nimwegen p. 187
  14. ^ Susan Doran, From Tudor to Stuart: The Regime Change from Elizabeth I to James I (Oxford, 2024), p. 440.
  15. ^ Susan Doran, From Tudor to Stewart: the regime change from Elizabeth I to James I (Oxford, 2024), p. 272.
  16. ^ Susan Doran, From Tudor to Stewart: the regime change from Elizabeth I to James I (Oxford, 2024), p. 440.
  17. ^ Susan Doran, From Tudor to Stewart: the regime change from Elizabeth I to James I (Oxford, 2024), p. 440.
  18. ^ O'Connor p. 63
  19. ^ a b Paul Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621 (New Haven, 2000).
  20. ^ "The first item of James' agenda was to bring to a close the long standing war with Spain. This was done by the Treaty of London in August 1604. Its terms were flagantry generous to the Spanish, the first black mark against the new king. Moreover James, unlike Elizabeth, had every intention of honoring them." Burgess, Douglas: The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008, page 29. ISBN 0-07-147476-5
  21. ^ Channing, Edward: A history of the United States. Octagon Books, 1977, v. 1, page 158. ISBN 0-374-91414-1
  22. ^ Janette Dillon, The Language of Space in Court Performance, 1400–1625 (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 83–89.
  23. ^ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, 16, p. 629
  24. ^ Hiram Morgan, 'Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585-1604', History Ireland, Vol. 14, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 2006), p. 43.
  25. ^ a b Allen pp. 142-43
  26. ^ Dunthorne p. 65
  27. ^ Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2002). Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618-1648 (in Spanish). Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. p. 108. ISBN 8484271552.
  28. ^ Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José (2015). Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus. p. 144. ISBN 978-8499676586.[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ Feros, Antonio (1994). The King's Favorite, the Duke of Lerma: Power, Wealth and Court Culture in the Reign of Philip III of Spain, 1598-1621. Johns Hopkins University. p. 180.
  30. ^ a b Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. p. 17. ISBN 0197263305.
  31. ^ Lothrop Motley, John (1867). History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609, Volume 4. p. 223.
  32. ^ Moseley, C. W. R. D. (2007). English Renaissance Drama: A Very Brief Introduction to Theatre and Theatres in Shakespeare's Time. Humanities. p. 90. ISBN 978-1847601834.
  33. ^ King & Franssen 2008, p. 45.
  34. ^ Wilson, David Harris (1963). King James VI & I. Jonathan Cape Ltd. p. 442. ISBN 0-224-60572-0.
  35. ^ King, R.; Franssen, P (2008). Shakespeare and War. Springer. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0230228276.
  36. ^ Lee, Maurice (1970). James I and Henri IV: An Essay in English Foreign Policy, 1603-1610. University of Illinois Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780252000843.
  37. ^ Jones, Mark (1979). The Art of the Medal. British Museum Publications. p. 68. ISBN 9780714108506.
  38. ^ a b Pericot Garcia, Luis (1967). Historia de España: gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos, Volumen 4 (in Spanish). Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones. p. 184.
  39. ^ Feros, Antonio (2002). El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305. ISBN 8495379392.
  40. ^ Otero Novas, José Manuel (2001). Fundamentalismos enmascarados (in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 153. ISBN 8434412241.
  41. ^ Herrero García, Miguel (1966). Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos (in Spanish). Gredos. p. 474.
  42. ^ Gonzalez Lopez, Emilio (1969). Los politicos gallegos en la coret de España y la convivencia europea (in Spanish). Editorial Galaxia. p. 70.
  43. ^ a b Hillgarth p. 23
  44. ^ Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1971). The Golden Age of Spain, 1516-1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain. Basic Books. p. 87. ISBN 9780046526900.
  45. ^ Bernhard, Virginia (2011). A Tale of Two Colonies: What Really Happened in Virginia and Bermuda?. University of Missouri Press. pp. 8. ISBN 978-0826219510.
  46. ^ Allen p 155
  47. ^ Reed, Richard Burton (1970). Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603-1604. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 228–29.

Sources

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  • Brown, Jonathan; Elliott, John Huxtable; Museo del Prado (2002). The Sale of the Century: Artistic Relations Between Spain and Great Britain, 1604-1655. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300097610.
  • Davenport, Frances Gardiner; and Paullin, Charles Oscar. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004 ISBN 1-58477-422-3, ISBN 978-1-58477-422-8
  • Dunthorne, Hugh (2013). Britain and the Dutch Revolt, 1560-1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521837477.
  • Fissel, Mark Charles (2001). English warfare, 1511–1642; Warfare and history. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21481-0.
  • Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544-1604. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137173386.
  • Hillgarth, J. N (2000). The Mirror of Spain, 1500-1700: The Formation of a Myth. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472110926.
  • Maltby, William S (2008). The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137041876.
  • McCoog, Thomas M (2012). The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589-1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain's Monarchy. Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7.
  • O'Connor, Thomas (2016). Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137465900.
  • Rowse, A. L (1973). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Cardinal Books. ISBN 978-0351180644.
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