Persimmon
The persimmon (/pərˈsɪmən/) is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros. The most widely cultivated of these is the kaki persimmon, Diospyros kaki[1] – Diospyros is in the family Ebenaceae, and a number of non-persimmon species of the genus are grown for ebony timber. In 2022, China produced 77% of the world total of persimmons.
Description
[edit]Like the tomato, persimmons are not berries in the general culinary sense, but its morphology as a single fruit derived from the ovary of a single flower means it is a berry in the botanical sense. The tree Diospyros kaki is the most widely cultivated species of persimmon. Typically the tree reaches 4.5 to 18 metres (15 to 60 feet) in height and is round-topped.[1] It usually stands erect, but sometimes can be crooked or have a willowy appearance.[1] The leaves are 7–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long, and are oblong in shape with brown-hairy petioles 2 cm (3⁄4 in) in length.[1] They are leathery and glossy on the upper surface, brown and silky underneath.[1] The leaves are deciduous and bluish-green in color. In autumn, they turn to yellow, orange, or red.[1]
Persimmon trees are typically dioecious,[2] meaning male and female flowers are produced on separate trees.[1] Some trees have both male and female flowers and in rare cases may bear a perfect flower, which contains both male and female reproductive organs in one flower.[2] Male flowers are pink[2] and appear in groups of 3.[1] They have a 4-parted calyx, a corolla, and 24 stamens in 2 rows.[1] Female flowers are creamy-white[2] and appear singly.[1] They have a large calyx, a 4-parted, yellow corolla, 8 undeveloped stamens, and a rounded ovary bearing the style and stigma.[1] 'Perfect' flowers are a cross between the two.[1][2]
Persimmon fruit matures late in the fall and can stay on the tree until winter.[2] In color, the ripe fruit of the cultivated strains range from glossy light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety.[1] They similarly vary in size from 1.5 to 9 cm (1⁄2 to 3+1⁄2 in) in diameter, and in shape the varieties may be spherical, acorn-, or pumpkin-shaped.[3] The flesh is astringent until fully ripe and is yellow, orange, or dark-brown in color.[1] The calyx generally remains attached to the fruit after harvesting, but becomes easy to remove once the fruit is ripe. The ripe fruit is high in sucrose, mainly in the form of fructose and glucose content, and is sweet in taste.[4]
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American persimmon female flower -
Lotus persimmon (Diospyros lotus) fruit on branch -
A tree heavily laden with oriental persimmons -
A kaki persimmon harvested while still unripe -
Persimmon leaves -
American persimmon leaves in autumn
Chemistry
[edit]Persimmon fruits contain phytochemicals, such as catechin, gallocatechin[5] and betulinic acid.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]Selected species
[edit]_-_October_2017_(1).jpg)
While many species of Diospyros bear fruit inedible to humans or only occasionally gathered, the following are grown for their edible fruit:
Diospyros kaki (Oriental persimmon)
[edit]Oriental persimmon, Chinese persimmon or Japanese persimmon[7] (Diospyros kaki) is the most commercially important persimmon. It is native to China, Northeast India and northern Indochina.[8][9] It was first cultivated in China more than 2,000 years ago, and introduced to Japan in the 7th century and to Korea in the 14th century.[10] China, Japan and South Korea are also the top producers of persimmon. It is known as shi (柿) in Chinese, kaki (柿) in Japanese and gam (감) in Korean and also known as Korean mango. It is known as haluwabed (हलुवाबेद) in Nepal and it is used for various culinary purposes and eaten as a seasonal fruit. In Nepal, it is one of the most popular fruits and has been consumed for a very long time. It was introduced to California and southern Europe in the 1800s and to Brazil in the 1890s, in the State of São Paulo, afterwards spreading across Brazil with Japanese immigrants; the State of São Paulo is still the greatest producer within Brazil, with an area of 3,610 hectares (8,900 acres) dedicated to persimmon culture in 2003;[11] It is deciduous, with broad, stiff leaves. Its fruits are sweet and slightly tangy with a soft to occasionally fibrous texture.
Varieties
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Numerous cultivars have been selected. Some varieties are edible in the crisp, firm state but it has its best flavor when allowed to rest and soften slightly after harvest. The Japanese cultivar 'Hachiya' is widely grown. The fruit has a high tannin content, which makes the unripe fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin levels are reduced as the fruit matures. Persimmons like 'Hachiya' must be completely ripened before consumption. When ripe, this fruit consists of thick, pulpy jelly encased in a waxy thin-skinned shell.[citation needed]
Commercially and in general, there are two types of persimmon fruit: astringent and non-astringent.
The heart-shaped Hachiya is the most common variety of astringent persimmon. Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble tannins and are unpalatable if eaten before completely softened. The astringency of tannins is removed in various ways. Examples include ripening by exposure to light for several days and wrapping the fruit in paper (probably because this increases the ethylene concentration of the surrounding air). Ethylene ripening can be increased in reliability and evenness, and the process can be greatly accelerated by adding ethylene gas to the atmosphere in which the fruit is stored. For domestic purposes, the most convenient and effective process is to store the ripening persimmons in a clean, dry container together with other varieties of fruit that give off particularly large quantities of ethylene while they are ripening; apples and related fruits such as pears are effective, as well as bananas and several others. Other chemicals are used commercially in artificially ripening persimmons or delaying their ripening. Examples include alcohol and carbon dioxide,[12] which change tannin into the insoluble form. Such bletting processes sometimes are jump-started by exposing the fruit to cold or frost. The resultant cell damage stimulates the release of ethylene, which promotes cellular wall breakdown. Astringent varieties of persimmons also can be prepared for commercial purposes by drying. Tanenashi fruit will occasionally contain a seed or two, which can be planted and will yield a larger, more vertical tree than when merely grafted onto the D. virginiana rootstock most commonly used in the U.S. Such seedling trees may produce fruit that bears more seeds, usually 6 to 8 per fruit, and the fruit itself may vary slightly from the parent tree. Seedlings are said to be more susceptible to root nematodes.
The non-astringent persimmon is squat like a tomato and is most commonly sold as fuyu. Non-astringent persimmons are not actually free of tannins as the term suggests but rather are far less astringent before ripening and lose more of their tannic quality sooner. Non-astringent persimmons may be consumed when still very firm and remain edible when very soft.
There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside—known as goma in Japan—and the fruit can be eaten when firm. These varieties are highly sought after. Tsurunoko, sold as "chocolate persimmon" for its dark brown flesh, Maru, sold as "cinnamon persimmon" for its spicy flavor, and Hyakume, sold as "brown sugar", are the three best known.
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Diospyros lotus (date-plum)
[edit]Date-plum (Diospyros lotus), also known as lotus persimmon, is native to southwest Asia and southeast Europe. Its English name probably derives from Persian Khormaloo خرمالو literally "date-plum", referring to the taste of this fruit, which is reminiscent of both plums and dates.[citation needed]
Diospyros virginiana (American persimmon)
[edit]American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is native to the eastern United States. Harvested in the fall or after the first frost, its fruit is eaten fresh, in baked goods, in steamed puddings,[20] and to make a mildly alcoholic beverage called persimmon beer.[21]
Varieties
[edit]- Prok[22]
- Killen[22]
- Claypool[22]
- I-115[22]
- Dollywood[22]
- 100-42[22]
- 100-43[22]
- 100-45[22]
- Early Golden[22]
- John Rick[22]
- C-100[22]
- JF-I[22]
Diospyros discolor (velvet persimmon)
[edit]The Mabolo or velvet-apple (Diospyros discolor) is native to Taiwan, the Philippines and Borneo, and may be the same species as Diospyros blancoi.[23]
Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon)
[edit]Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana) is native to central and west Texas and southwest Oklahoma in the United States, and eastern Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico. The fruit of D. texana are black, subglobose berries with a diameter of 1.5–2.5 cm (5⁄8–1 in) that ripen in August.[24] The fleshy berries become edible when they turn dark purple or black, at which point they are sweet and can be eaten from the hand or made into pudding or custard.[25]
Etymology
[edit]The word persimmon is derived from putchamin, pasiminan, pechimin or pessamin, from Powhatan, an Algonquian language of the southern and eastern United States, meaning "a dry fruit".[26] Other sources have suggested that the word “persimmon” comes from a Persian word meaning date-plum.[citation needed] It was first used in English in the early 17th century.[27]
Production
[edit] China |
3.40 |
 South Korea |
0.23 |
 Japan |
0.22 |
 Azerbaijan |
0.18 |
 Brazil |
0.16 |
| World | 4.44 |
| Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[28] | |
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In 2022, world production of persimmons was 4.44 million tonnes, led by China with 77% of the total (table).
In China, the Taiqiu persimmon variety yields approximately 30 tonnes of fruit per year at full production.[29]
Australia
[edit]The persimmon was introduced to Australia by Chinese immigrants in the 1850s. Only astringent varieties were cultivated until the introduction of non-astringent varieties from Japan in the 1970s. In 2022 the vast majority of persimmons sold domestically in Australia were non-astringent varieties.[30]
Azerbaijan
[edit]Persimmons are one of Azerbaijan's most important non-petroleum exports. The main export markets are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Iran, Kazakhstan and the United Arab Emirates.[31]
India
[edit]
Persimmons have various local names across India, including japani phal or amar phal in Uttar Pradesh, amlok in Assam, and lukum in Manipur. They are grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Darjeeling Region of West Bengal & Arunachal Pradesh.[citation needed]
Israel
[edit]The primary variety produced in Israel is the Sharon fruit. Israel produces 30,000 tonnes (33,000 short tons) of Sharon fruit a year.[16]
"Sharon fruit" (named after the Sharon plain in Israel) is the marketing name for the Israeli-bred cultivar 'Triumph'.[32] As with most commercial pollination-variant-astringent persimmons, the fruit are ripened off the tree by exposing them to carbon dioxide. The "sharon fruit" has no core, is seedless and particularly sweet, and can be eaten whole.[32]
Spain
[edit]The primary variety produced in Spain is the Rojo Brillante. Spain produces 400,000 tons of Rojo Brillante a year.[16]
In the Valencia region of Spain, there is a production area of kaki called the "Ribera del Xùquer" which has a protected label and where only persimmons of the variety "Rojo Brillante" or derived mutations are cultivated. The largest part of these astringent type persimmons are CO2 treated to remove astringency and marketed as "Persimon" with one "m", which is a registered trademark.[33][34]
United States
[edit]California produces 10,000 short tons or 9,100 tonnes of Fuyu a year. Most persimmons produced in California are seedless.[16] California and Florida account for most commercial production. The first commercial orchards in Florida were planted in the 1870s and production peaked in the 1990s before declining. Most persimmon orchards in the US are small scale (70% less than 1 acre or 0.5 hectares and 90% less than 5 acres or 2 hectares).[15]
Toxicity
[edit]Unripe persimmons contain the soluble tannin shibuol, which, upon contact with a weak acid, polymerizes in the stomach and forms a gluey coagulum, a "foodball" or phytobezoar, that can affix with other stomach matter.[35] These phytobezoars are often very hard and almost woody in consistency. More than 85% of phytobezoars are caused by ingestion of unripened persimmons.[36] Persimmon bezoars (diospyrobezoars) often occur in epidemics in regions where the fruit is grown.[37][38]
Uses
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 293 kJ (70 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18.59 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 12.53 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 3.6 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.19 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.58 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[39] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[40] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persimmons are eaten fresh, dried, raw or cooked. When eaten fresh, they are usually eaten whole like an apple in bite-size slices and may be peeled, although the skin is edible. One way to consume ripe persimmons, which may have soft texture, is to remove the top leaf with a paring knife and scoop out the flesh with a spoon. Riper persimmons can also be eaten by removing the top leaf, breaking the fruit in half, and eating from the inside out. The flesh ranges from firm to mushy, and, when firm owing to being unripe, has an apple-like crunch. Some varieties are completely inedible until they are fully ripe, such as American persimmons (Diospyros virginiana)[41] and Diospyros digyna.[citation needed] The leaves can be used to make a tisane and the seeds can be roasted.[42]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 531 kJ (127 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
33.5 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | n/a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | n/a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.4 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.8 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[39] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[40] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make the traditional Korean spicy punch sujeonggwa,[43] while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a persimmon vinegar called gamsikcho.[44]
In Taiwan, fruits of astringent varieties are sealed in jars filled with limewater to get rid of bitterness. Slightly hardened in the process, they are sold under the name "crisp persimmon" (cuishi) or "water persimmon" (shuishizi). Preparation time is dependent upon temperature (5 to 7 days at 25–28 °C or 77–82 °F).
For centuries, Japanese have consumed persimmon leaf tea (Kaki-No-Ha Cha) made from the dried leaves of "kaki" persimmons (Diospyros kaki).[45] In some areas of Manchuria and Korea, the dried leaves of the fruit are used for making tea. The Korean name for this tea is gamnip cha.
In the US from Ohio southward, persimmons are harvested and used in a variety of dessert dishes, most notably pies. They can be used in cookies, cakes, puddings, salads, curries and as a topping for breakfast cereal. Persimmon pudding is a baked dessert made with fresh persimmons that has the consistency of pumpkin pie but resembles a brownie and is almost always topped with whipped cream. An annual persimmon festival, featuring a persimmon pudding contest, is held every September in Mitchell, Indiana.
Persimmons may be stored at room temperature 20 °C (68 °F) where they will continue to ripen. In northern China, unripe persimmons are frozen outdoors during winter to speed up the ripening process.
Ripe persimmons can be refrigerated for as long as a couple of weeks,[46] though extreme temperature changes may contribute to a mushy texture. It is recommended to store persimmons stem end down.[30]
Persimmons can also be fermented in the manner of black garlic.[30]
Dried
[edit]In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, persimmons after harvesting are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market, to be sold as dried fruit. In Japan, the dried persimmon fruit is called hoshigaki, in China shìbǐng (柿餠), in Korea gotgam or Geonsi (乾枾), and in Vietnam hồng khô (紅枯). It is eaten as a snack or dessert and used for other culinary purposes.
Nutrition
[edit]Persimmons have higher levels of dietary fiber and some dietary minerals than apples,[47] but overall are not a significant source of micronutrients, except for manganese (17% of the Daily Value, DV) and provitamin A beta-carotene (10% DV, table for raw Japanese persimmons per 100-gram amount). Raw American persimmons are a rich source of vitamin C (80% DV per 100g) and iron (19% DV).
-
Persimmons drying in Kōshū city, Japan -
Hoshigaki, Japanese dried oriental persimmon -
Ripe kaki, soft enough to remove the calyx and split the fruit for eating -
Peeled, flattened, and dried oriental persimmons (shìbǐng) in a Xi'an market -
Kaki preserved in limewater -
Dangam kkakdugi -
An example of persimmon wood furniture
Culture
[edit]In Ozark folklore, the severity of the upcoming winter is said to be predictable by slicing a persimmon seed and seeing whether it is shaped like a knife, fork, or spoon within.[48] According to the Missouri Department of Conservation, this is not a reliable method.[49]
In Korean folklore the dried persimmon (gotgam, Korean: 곶감) has a reputation for scaring away tigers.[50]
In Malaysia and Singapore, large persimmons are viewed as a status symbol.[30]
Diseases
[edit]In 1999, the first report of leaf blight on sweet persimmon tree by fungal pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae in Spain was documented.[51]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Morton JF (1987). "Japanese persimmon". NewCROP, New Crops Resource Online Program, Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products; from Morton, J. 1987. Japanese Persimmon. pp. 411–16. In: Fruits of warm climates.
- ^ a b c d e f "Diospyros kaki 'Fuyu' – Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org.
- ^ Carley Petersen and Annabelle Martin. "General Crop Information: Persimmon". University of Hawaii, Extension Entomology & UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
- ^ Butt, Masood Sadiq; Sultan, M. Tauseef; Aziz, Mahwish; Naz, Ambreen; Ahmed, Waqas; Kumar, Naresh; Imran, Muhammad (4 May 2015). "Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit: hidden phytochemicals and health claims". EXCLI Journal. 14: 542–61. doi:10.17179/excli2015-159. PMC 4817420. PMID 27047315.
- ^ Nakatsubo, Fumiaki; Enokita, Kenichi; Murakami, Koji; Yonemori, Keizo; Sugiura, Akira; Utsunomiya, Naoki; Subhadrabandhu, Suranant (October 2005). "Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species". Journal of Wood Science. 48 (5). Japan: Springer Japan: 414–18. doi:10.1007/BF00770702. S2CID 195303798.
- ^ Quintal-Novelo, C.; Moo-Puc, R. E.; Chale-Dzul, J.; Cáceres-Farfán, M.; Mendez-Gonzalez, M.; Borges-Argáez, R. (2012). "Cytotoxic constituents from the stem bark of Diospyros cuneata". Natural Product Research. 27 (17): 1594–97. doi:10.1080/14786419.2012.738201. PMID 23098219. S2CID 28799160.
- ^ "Diospyros kaki Thunb". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Diospyros kaki". EPPO Global Database. 21 October 2001. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Diospyros kaki L.f." Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Martínez-Calvo, J.; Naval, M.; Zuriaga, E.; Llácer, G.; Badenes, M. L. (January 2013). "Morphological characterization of the IVIA persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) germplasm collection by multivariate analysis". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 60 (1): 233–41. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9828-4. S2CID 16838322.
- ^ todafruta.com.br Archived 2009-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Matsuo, Tomoaki; Shinohara, Jun-ichi; Ito, Saburo (1976). "An Improvement on Removing Astringency in Persimmon Fruits by Carbon Dioxide Gas". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 40 (1): 215–17. doi:10.1080/00021369.1976.10862021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lofgren, Kristine (26 November 2020). "15 OF THE BEST ASIAN PERSIMMON VARIETIES". gardenerspath.com. Gardener's Path. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Stein, Larry; Nesbitt, Monte; Kamas, Jim. "Persimmons" (PDF). aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Texas A&M. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sarkhosh, Ali; Andersen, Peter C.; Huff, Dustin M. "JAPANESE PERSIMMON CULTIVARS IN FLORIDA1". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Freedman, Georgia. "All About Persimmons and Persimmon Varieties". seriouseats.com. Serious Eats. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ a b ""This is the year of persimmons, with +15% added value"". freshplaza.com. Fresh Plaza. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Ryugo, Kay; Schroeder, Charles A.; Sugiura, Akira; Yanemori, Keizo. "Growing Persimmons" (PDF). ucanr.edu. ucanr.edu/. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ a b TALAVERA, A. (25 March 2022). "Una mutación natural podría frenar la crisis del caqui". lasprovincias.es. Las Provincias. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ "Diospyros virginiana (Common persimmon)". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database.
- ^ "For Enslaved Cooks, Persimmon Beer Combined Ingenuity and Joy". Atlas Obscura. 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kaiser, Cheryl; Ernst, Matt. "American Persimmon" (PDF). uky.edu. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Persimmon". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ "Diospyros texana Scheele". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ Carey, Jennifer H. (1994). "Diospyros texana". Fire Effects Information System. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ^ Mish, Frederic C., Ed. (1984), Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, Merriam-Webster, p. 877
- ^ "Persimmon". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ "Persimmon production in 2022; Crops/World regions/Production quantity (from pick lists)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Division of Statistics (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- ^ Zang, Jing. "Taiqiu Variety Saves Persimmon Market This Autumn". producereport.com. Producer Report. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d Donnelly, Fiona (27 April 2022). "Give persimmon a chance: five ways to eat the misunderstood fruit from salad to Alanna Sapwell's tarte tartin". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ Mammadova, Leman (24 February 2019). "Azerbaijan to open new persimmon processing plants". azernews.az. Azernews. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ a b Janick, Jules and Paull, Robert E. (2008) The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts. CABI. p. 327. ISBN 9780851996387
- ^ "Spanish persimon". Foods from Spain. 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ "Spanish Persimmons: the Sweetest Things!". Foods & Wines from Spain. 22 November 2018.
- ^ Verstanding, A. G.; Bauch, K.; Bloom, R.; Hadas, I.; Libson, E. (1989). "Small-bowel phytobezoars: detection with radiography". Radiology. 172 (3): 705–07. doi:10.1148/radiology.172.3.2772176. PMID 2772176.
- ^ Delia, C. W. (1961). "Phytobezoars (diospyrobezoars). A clinicopathologic correlation and review of six cases". Arch. Surg. 82 (4): 579–83. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1961.01300100093010. PMID 13721571.
- ^ "Bezoars". Merck Online Medical Dictionary. Merck. 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
- ^ Berkow, Robert, Ed. (1992) The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Rahway, New Jersey. 16th Ed., "Gastrointestinal Disorders", Section 52, p. 780. ISBN 0911910166
- ^ a b United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ a b National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ Stein, Larry; Nesbitt, Monte; Kamas, Jim (2013). "Persimmons" (PDF). AgriLife Extension: Texas Fruit & Nut Production. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
- ^ 황, 혜성, "수정과 (水正果)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 16 August 2024
- ^ "감식초 - 디지털완주문화대전". Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
- ^ "Japanese Kaki Persimmon Leaves Bulk Tea". WAWAZA.
- ^ "Persimmons: How to choose, store and prepare". The Los Angeles Times. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ Gorinstein, S.; Zachwieja, Z.; Folta, M.; Barton, H.; Piotrowicz, J.; Zemser, M.; Weisz, M.; Trakhtenberg, S.; Màrtín-Belloso, O. (2001). "Comparative Contents of Dietary Fiber, Total Phenolics, and Minerals in Persimmons and Apples". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (2): 952–957. doi:10.1021/jf000947k. PMID 11262055.
- ^ University of Mo. Extension (11 July 2008). "Persimmon Seeds Predict: Warm Winter, Above Average Snow Fall in the Ozarks". FreShare. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014.
- ^ Ruch, Amber (6 October 2021). "Fork, knife or spoon: Checking persimmon seeds to predict winter weather". kfvs12.com. KFVS 12. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "The Tiger and Dried Persimmon". Kookminbooks. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
- ^ Tuset, J.J.; Hinarejos, C.; Mira, J.L. (1999). "First report of leaf blight on sweet persimmon tree by Pestalotiopsis theae in Spain". Plant Disease. 83 (11): 1070. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.11.1070C. PMID 30841281.
External links
[edit]
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
