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Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats

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"VLD" redirects here. For other uses, see VLD (disambiguation).

Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats
Dutch: Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten
AbbreviationOpen Vld
PresidentEva De Bleeker [nl]
Founded1992; 32 years ago (1992) (VLD)
2007; 17 years ago (2007) (Open Vld)
Merger ofVLD, LA, Vivant (Open Vld)
Preceded byParty for Freedom and Progress
HeadquartersMelsensstraat 34 Brussels
Membership (2018)Decrease 60,000[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
Regional affiliationLiberal Group
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
International affiliationLiberal International
Francophone counterpartReformist Movement
Germanophone counterpartParty for Freedom and Progress
Colours  Blue
Chamber of Representatives
7 / 87
(Flemish seats)
Senate
5 / 35
(Flemish seats)
Flemish Parliament
16 / 124
Brussels Parliament
3 / 17
(Flemish seats)
European Parliament
1 / 12
(Flemish seats)
Flemish Provincial Councils
23 / 175
Benelux Parliament
2 / 21
Website
www.openvld.be

The Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats[2][3][4] (Dutch: Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten, pronounced [ˈoːpə(ɱ) ˈvlaːmsə libəˈraːlən ɛn deːmoːˈkraːtə(n), -lə ʔɛn -] ⓘ; Open Vld) is a Flemish liberal[5][6][7][8] political party in Belgium. The party has been described as centre-right[9] and has smaller factions within the party that have conservative liberal[7][8][10] and social liberal views.[citation needed] The party is a member of the Liberal Group,[11] Renew Europe, and Liberal International.

The party was created in 1992 from the former bilingual Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV) and politicians from other parties after Belgium was reconstituted as a federal state based on language, with the French-speaking faction forming the Reformist Movement (MR) in Wallonia. The party led the government for three cabinets under Guy Verhofstadt from 1999 until March 2008. Open VLD then formed the Federal Government (the so-called "Swedish government") with N-VA, CD&V and Mouvement Réformateur.

In the Flemish Parliament, the VLD formed a coalition government with sp.a-Spirit and Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) from after the 2004 regional election until the 2009 regional election. Open VLD has been a member of the Leterme I Government formed on 22 March 2008, the Van Rompuy I Government formed on 2 January 2009, the Leterme II Government formed on 24 November 2009 and the Di Rupo Government formed on 6 December 2011.

Ideologically, Open VLD started as an economically liberal[12] and somewhat libertarian Thatcherite party under its founder, Guy Verhofstadt, which mirrored some of the original ideology of the PVV. The VLD rapidly became more centrist and gave up much of its free market approach, partly under the influence of Verhofstadt's political scientist brother Dirk Verhofstadt. However, the VLD continued to contain conservative-libertarian and classical liberal wings with ties to think-tanks like Nova Civitas. Party chairman Bart Somers called in November 2006 for a "revolution" within the party, saying that "a liberal party", like the VLD, "can be only progressive and social".[13]

From 2000 to 2004, during the second period of its participation in the Belgian federal government and under Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt, the VLD allegedly lost most of its ideological appeal. Several of its thinkers such as (former member) Boudewijn Bouckaert, president of Nova Civitas, heavily criticized the party. Many others, particularly from the party's conservative and Flemish autonomist wing, resented the priority it placed on the 'Belgian compromise', which enabled the French Community's Socialist Party to gain a dominant position in the formulation of Belgian federal government policy.

In 2004, the VLD teamed up with the minority social-liberal party Vivant for both the Flemish and European elections. VLD-Vivant lost the elections to arch rivals CD&V and the Flemish Bloc. The VLD fell from second to third place among the Flemish political parties, slipping narrowly behind the sp.a-Spirit cartel. Internal feuds, the support for electoral rights for immigrants and an unsuccessful economic policy were seen as the main reasons for its election defeat. From 2007, the party kept having electoral difficulties, first due to competition from split-off List Dedecker and after 2010 from the liberal-conservative Flemish-nationalist party N-VA.

History

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The VLD has its origins in the Party for Freedom and Progress (which in turn was a successor to the Liberal Party), a bilingual party which stood in both the Flemish and Walloon regions of Belgium. As such the liberal party is the oldest political party of Belgium. In 1846, Walthère Frère-Orban succeeded in creating a political program which could unite several liberal groups into one party. Before 1960, the Liberal Party of Belgium was barely organised. The school pact of 1958, as a result of which the most important argument for the traditional anti-clericalism was removed, gave the necessary impetus for a thorough renewal. During the liberal party congress of 1961, the Liberal Party was reformed into the bilingual Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV-PLP), and Omer Vanaudenhove became the chairman of the new party. The new liberal party, which struggled with an anti-clerical image, opened its doors for believers, but wasn't too concerned about the situation of workers and primarily defended the interests of employers. It is a central principle of Classical Liberalism that employers and employees do NOT have opposed long term interests.

In the late 1960s and the early 1970s, the tensions between the different communities in Belgium rose and there were disagreements within the liberal movement as well. In 1972, the unitary PVV-PLP was split into separate a Flemish and a Francophone parties. On Flemish side, under the guidance of Frans Grootjans, Herman Vanderpoorten and Willy De Clercq, the PVV was created, on Walloon side Milou Jeunehomme became the head of the PLP and Brussels got its own but totally disintegrated liberal party landscape. Willy De Clercq became the first chairman of the independent Party of Freedom and Progress (Dutch: Partij voor Vrijheid en Vooruitgang, PVV). De Clercq, together with Frans Grootjans and Herman Vanderpoorten, set out the lines for the new party. This reform was coupled an Ethical Congress, on which the PVV adopted very progressive and tolerant stances regarding abortion, euthanasia, adultery, homosexuality and gender equality.

In 1982, the 29-year-old reformer Guy Verhofstadt became the chairman of the party, and even was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Budget from 1986 to 1988. Annemie Neyts succeeded him as chairman, becoming the first female party chairman. In 1989, Verhofstadt once more became the chairman of the PVV, after his party had been condemned to the opposition by the Christian People's Party (CVP) in 1987.

In 1992, the PVV was reformed into the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten, VLD) under the impulse of Verhofstadt. Although the VLD was the successor of the PVV, many politicians with democratic nationalist or socialist roots joined the new party. Notable examples are Jaak Gabriëls, then-president of the Flemish People's Union, and Hugo Coveliers. From the early 1990s, the VLD advanced in every election, only to get in government following the 1999 general election when the VLD became the largest party. Guy Verhofstadt became Prime Minister and Patrick Dewael became Minister-President of Flanders. They were both at the head of a coalition of liberals, social democrats and greens.

2007 elections

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Before the 2007 general election, the VLD participated in a cartel with Vivant and Liberal Appeal. In February 2007, it decided to cease the cartel and start operating under the name Open VLD. On the 10 June 2007 general elections, Open VLD won 18 out of 150 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and five out of 40 seats in the Senate.

2010 elections

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In the 2010 general election, Open VLD won 13 out of 150 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. After the long government formation process, on 6 December 2011 the Di Rupo Government was formed, with Open VLD one of the six constituent parties.

Ideology and support

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At its inception, the Open VLD was a classical liberal and somewhat right-libertarian party with support for free-markets and deregulation. Former party leader Guy Verhofstadt was compared to Margaret Thatcher in his beliefs during his time as party chairman. In the 1990s, the party switched from a libertarian to a more socially liberal position under Bart Somers. Some of the party's ideological influences have been Karl Popper, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Paine, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. The party also contained members from both social democratic and Flemish nationalist liberal-conservative backgrounds who have influenced the VLD's course, such as former Volksunie leader Jaak Gabriëls and Hugo Coveliers falling into the latter camp. Others had ties to the conservative-libertarian organization Nova Civitas, and were open to working with the Vlaams Blok and later Vlaams Belang party, although this was strongly opposed by the party leadership as a whole. Presently, the Open VLD retains an economically liberal position by supporting lower taxes and private property ownership while also closing tax loopholes. It supports a Canadian model of migration and for a more inclusive society towards immigrants, but claims not to endorse open borders and wants quicker deportation of illegal immigrants. It also retains a socially liberal stance on matters such as same-sex marriage, LGBT rights and introducing a third gender option on official documents, but also believes the government shouldn't interfere with matters related to sexuality.[14] For a period, the party was considered the main centre-right rival to the Christian Democratic CD&V in the Flemish region and saw its highest period of support in the late 1990s and early 2000s. However, the emergence of the Flemish nationalist N-VA party and the LDD drew some of the party's conservative leaning voters away and contributed to a decline in votes. Ideological disputes also caused some of the party's more conservative and traditionalist libertarian wing such as Boudewijn Bouckaert, Jean-Marie Dedecker and Hugo Coveliers to leave the party. Dedecker later founded the LDD and Coveliers VLOTT while others joined the N-VA.[12]

In 2024, Open VLD (along with MR) blocked Belgium from recognizing the State of Palestine.[15]

Representation in EU institutions

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The party is fairly pro-European,[16] and sits in the Renew Europe group with two MEPs.[17][18]

Then-Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt (VLD) was rejected as a candidate for the presidency of the European Commission in June 2004.

In the European Committee of the Regions, Open VLD sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two alternate members for the 2020-2025 mandate.[19][20] Jean-Luc Vanraes is Coordinator in the CIVEX Commission.[21]

Members holding notable public offices

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European politics

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European Parliament
Name Committees
Guy Verhofstadt Constitutional Affairs [22]
Hilde Vautmans Foreign Affairs
Women's Rights and Gender Equality [23]

Federal politics

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Chamber of Representatives
Name Notes Name Notes
Flemish Brabant Maggie De Block Faction leader Flemish Brabant Goedele Liekens
Flemish Brabant Tim Vandenput Mayor of Hoeilaart Limburg (Belgium) Patrick Dewael Mayor of Tongeren
Antwerp Province Christian Leysen Antwerp Province Marianne Verhaert
East Flanders Egbert Lachaert Party President East Flanders Tania De Jonge
East Flanders Katja Gabriëls Mayor of Berlare East Flanders Robby De Caluwé Mayor of Moerbeke
West Flanders Jasper Pillen West Flanders Kathleen Verhelst
Senate
Type Name Notes
Co-opted Senator Flemish Brabant Rik Daems Faction leader
Community Senator Brussels Els Ampe [nl]
Community Senator Antwerp Province Tom Ongena
Community Senator Limburg (Belgium) Steven Coenegrachts
Community Senator East Flanders Stephanie D'Hose President of the Senate
Belgian Federal De Croo Government
Public Office Name Function
Prime Minister Alexander De Croo
Deputy Prime Minister Vincent Van Quickenborne Justice and the North Sea
Secretary of State Eva de Bleeker [nl] Budget and Consumer Protection

Regional politics

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Flemish Parliament
Name Notes Name Notes
Antwerp Province Willem-Frederik Schiltz Fraction Leader Antwerp Province Tom Ongena Community Senator
Flemish Brabant Gwendolyn Rutten Former Party President
mayor of Aarschot 		Flemish Brabant Gwenny De Vroe
Flemish Brabant Maurits Vande Reyde [nl] Brussels Els Ampe Community Senator
Limburg (Belgium) Steven Coenegrachts Community Senator Limburg (Belgium) Marino Keulen Mayor of Lanaken
East Flanders Stephanie D'Hose President of the Senate East Flanders Jean-Jacques De Gucht Son of Karel De Gucht
East Flanders Freya Saeys East Flanders Bart Van Hulle
West Flanders Bart Tommelein Former Flemish minister
mayor of Ostend 		West Flanders Emmily Talpe Mayor of Ypres
Flemish Government Jambon
Public Office Name Function
Vice Minister-President Bart Somers Internal Affairs, Administrative Affairs, Integration, and Equal Opportunities
Minister Lydia Peeters Mobility and Public Works
Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
Name Notes
Carla Dejonghe Faction Leader
Guy Vanhengel Former federal minister
Khadija Zamouri
Brussels Regional Government Vervoort II
Public Office Name Function
Minister Sven Gatz Finance, Budget, Civil Service, Promotion of Multilingualism, Tourism, Statistics, Urbanism, Heritage, the image of Brussels and bicultural issues of regional importance

Provincial politics

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Provincial Council
Province Percentage Seats
Antwerp Antwerp 9,1%
2 / 36
Limburg Limburg 12,7%
4 / 31
East Flanders East Flanders 18,3%
7 / 36
Flemish Brabant Flemish Brabant 15,4%
5 / 36
West Flanders West Flanders 13,4%
5 / 36

Election results

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Chamber of Representatives

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The main six Flemish political parties and their results for the Chamber of Representatives. From 1978 to 2014, in percentages for the complete 'Kingdom'.
Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
1971 392,130 7.4
19 / 212
 Opposition (1971-1973)
Coalition (1973-1974)
1974[a] 798,818 15.2
21 / 212
 Increase 2 Coalition
1977 475,917 8.5
17 / 212
 Decrease 4 Opposition
1978 573,387 10.4
22 / 212
 Increase 5 Opposition (1978-1980)
Coalition (1980)
Opposition (1980-1981)
1981 776,871 12.9
28 / 212
 Increase 6 Coalition
1985 651,806 10.7
22 / 212
 Decrease 6 Coalition
1987 709,758 11.5
25 / 212
 Increase 3 Opposition
1991 738,016 12.0
26 / 212
 Increase 1 Opposition
1995 798,363 13.1
21 / 150
 Decrease 5 Opposition
1999 888,973 14.3
23 / 150
 Increase 2 Coalition
2003 1,009,223 15.4
25 / 150
 Increase 2 Coalition
2007 789,445 11.8
18 / 150
 Decrease 7 Coalition
2010 563,873 8.6
13 / 150
 Decrease 5 Coalition
2014 659,582 9.8
14 / 150
 Increase 1 Coalition
2019 579,334 8.5
12 / 150
 Decrease 2 Coalition
2024 380,659 5.5
8 / 150
 Decrease 4 TBA

Senate

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Election Votes % Seats +/-
1971[a] 776,514 14.9
6 / 106
1974[a] 755,694 14.6
10 / 106
 Increase 4
1977 472,645 8.5
9 / 106
 Decrease 1
1978 572,535 10.4
11 / 106
 Increase 2
1981 781,137 13.1
14 / 106
 Increase 3
1985 637,776 10.5
11 / 106
 Decrease 3
1987 686,440 11.3
11 / 106
 Steady 0
1991 713,542 11.7
13 / 106
 Increase 2
1995 796,154 13.3
6 / 40
 Decrease 7
1999 952,116 15.4
6 / 40
 Steady 0
2003 1,007,868 15.4
7 / 40
 Increase 1
2007 821,980 12.4
5 / 40
 Decrease 2
2010 533,124 8.24
4 / 40
 Decrease 1
2014 N/A N/A
5 / 60
 Increase 1

Regional

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Brussels Parliament

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Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
D.E.C. Overall
1989 12,143 2.8 (#8)
2 / 75
 Opposition
1995 11,034 2.7 (#8)
2 / 75
 Steady 0 Opposition
1999[b] 13,729 22.7 (#3) 3.2 (#7)
2 / 75
 Steady 0 Coalition
2004[c] 12,433 19.9 (#2) 2.7 (#7)
4 / 89
 Increase 2 Coalition
2009 11,957 23.1 (#1) 2.6 (#5)
4 / 89
 Steady 0 Coalition
2014 14,296 26.7 (#1) 3.1 (#7)
5 / 89
 Increase 1 Coalition
2019 11,051 15.8 (#3) 2.4 (#9)
3 / 89
 Decrease 2 Coalition

Flemish Parliament

[edit]
Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
1995 761,262 20.2 (#2)
26 / 124
 Opposition
1999 855,867 21.7 (#2)
27 / 124
 Increase 1 Coalition
2004[c] 804,578 19.8 (#3)
25 / 124
 Decrease 2 Coalition
2009 616,610 15.0 (#4)
21 / 124
 Decrease 4 Opposition
2014 594,469 14.2 (#3)
19 / 124
 Decrease 2 Coalition
2019 556,630 13.1 (#4)
16 / 124
 Decrease 3 Coalition
2024 364,609 8.3 (#5)
9 / 124
 Decrease 7 TBA

Provincial councils

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Election Votes % Councilors +/-
1994 708,769
84 / 401
2000 909,428
106 / 411
 Increase 22
2006 745,952 18.9
80 / 411
 Decrease 26
2012 595,932 14.6
54 / 351
 Decrease 26
2018 570,601 13.7
23 / 175
 Decrease 31

European Parliament

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Election List leader Votes % Seats +/- EP Group
D.E.C. Overall
1994 Willy De Clercq 678,421 18.36 (#2) 11.37
3 / 25
 New ELDR
1999 Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck 847,099 21.88 (#2) 13.61
3 / 25
 Steady 0
2004[c] Guy Verhofstadt 880,279 21.91 (#2) 13.56
3 / 24
 Steady 0 ALDE
2009 837,834 20.56 (#2) 12.75
3 / 22
 Steady 0
2014 858,872 20.40 (#2) 12.84
3 / 21
 Steady 0
2019 678,051 15.95 (#3) 10.07
2 / 21
 Decrease 1 RE
2024 Hilde Vautmans 410,743 9.11 (#4) 5.76
1 / 22
 Decrease 1
  1. ^ a b c In coalition with Liberal Reformist Party
  2. ^ In coalition with VU
  3. ^ a b c In coalition with Vivant

International

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The party is a member of the Liberal International, which was co-chaired by Annemie Neyts, member of Open VLD.

Presidents

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Notable members

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Notable former members

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  • Boudewijn Bouckaert, a former VLD board member who left the party subsequently to Dedecker's exclusion, believing the party turned "left-liberal". He and Dedecker are founders of a new political party, List Dedecker, later renamed Libertarian, Direct, Democratic.
  • Hugo Coveliers, left the VLD to found his own political party VLOTT.
  • Jean-Marie Dedecker, was excluded from the VLD after several conflicts with the top of the party. He asked for an economic policy more in favour of free markets and limited government and believed that the party was too closely aligned with the Socialists. He founded the List Dedecker party, later Libertarian, Direct, Democratic.
  • Leo Govaerts [nl], left the VLD to found his own political party Veilig Blauw (Safe Blue).
  • Ward Beysen, left the VLD to found his own political party Liberal Appeal.
  • Sihame El Kaouakibi, left the VLD after claims of embezzlement.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Open VLD heeft de meeste leden en steekt CD&V voorbij". deredactie.be. 30 October 2014.
  2. ^ Gijs, Camille; Moens, Barbara (30 September 2020). "Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo to be appointed Belgium's prime minister". Politico. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  3. ^ Bock, Pauline (7 October 2020). "Why did it take so long to form Belgium's new 'Vivaldi' coalition?". Euronews. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  4. ^ Barbiroglio, Emanuela (8 May 2020). "Masks Will Be Next Challenge For Belgium In COVID-19 Second Phase". Forbes. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  5. ^ Terry, Chris (6 February 2014). "Flemish Liberals and Democrats". The Democratic Society. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  6. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Flanders/Belgium". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
  8. ^ a b Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.
  9. ^ Josep M. Colomer (2008). Comparative European Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-203-12362-1.
  10. ^ Niels Spierings; Marcel Lubbers; Andrej Zaslove (2019). "Sexually modern nativist voters: do they exist, and do they vote for the populist radical right?". In Cynthia Miller-Idriss; Hilary Pilkington (eds.). Gender and the Radical and Extreme Right: Mechanisms of Transmission and the Role of Educational Interventions. Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 9780429812699.
  11. ^ "Politieke fracties". Benelux Parliament (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b Thomas Banchoff; Mitchell Smith (1999). Legitimacy and the European Union: The Contested Polity. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4.
  13. ^ "Somers wil revolutie binnen de VLD" (in Dutch). Belga. 4 November 2006.
  14. ^ "Gelijke kansen". www2.openvld.be (in Dutch).
  15. ^ Times, The Brussels. "Belgium fails to reach agreement on recognising Palestinian state". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  16. ^ Almeida, Dimitri (27 April 2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 9781136340390.
  17. ^ "Home | Hilde VAUTMANS | MEPs | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  18. ^ "Home | Guy VERHOFSTADT | MEPs | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Members Page CoR".
  20. ^ "Members Page CoR".
  21. ^ "Coordinators". Renew Europe CoR. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  22. ^ "Home | Guy VERHOFSTADT | MEPs | European Parliament".
  23. ^ "Home | Hilde VAUTMANS | MEPs | European Parliament".
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