List of active separatist movements in Europe
(Redirected from Conflict in Transnistria and Gagauzia)
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
.jpg)
.jpg)
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
Criteria
[edit]What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Albania
[edit]In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence.[5]
Azerbaijan
[edit] |
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6] or independence.[7]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[8]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6] or independence.[7]
- Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Lezgistan - Political organisation:
Sadval movement,[9][10] Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy, Samur[11]
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Belgium
[edit]
 Flemish and French Community |
- Autonomist movements
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders[12]
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders[12]
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[13]
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[13]
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state:
Flanders, or unification with the 
Netherlands[14][15][16]
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost[better source needed]
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Unification with
France[17][18][14]
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state: Unification with
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: independence or unification with
Serbia[19][20]
- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[21]
- Proposed: independence or unification with
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina[22]
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina[23]
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Croatia
[edit]
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Istria within Croatia[25]
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[26][27]
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Cyprus
[edit]
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: re-unification with
Cyprus,[28] unification with 
Turkey[29] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[30] - Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- Proposed: re-unification with
- De facto state:
Czechia
[edit]
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Moravia or outright independence
Denmark
[edit].svg)
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands[34][32] or autonomy[35]
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state:
Minor Movements
- Proposed state:
Bornholm[36]
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party
Finland
[edit]
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland[37]
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
[edit]- Secessionist movements
French Basque Country/
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[38][39][40] as an independent state or autonomy.[41]
Euskal Herria Bai- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and 
Loire-Atlantique
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Brittany[36]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[42]
- Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Corsica[43][36]
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
Belgium (autonomist)[44][45]
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
.svg)
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence or autonomy
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença[46]
- Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun[47]
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state:
Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries (Spain)
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[48] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist),[49] Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[50] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[51]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[52]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua[53] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[54]
- Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato[54]
- Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa[55][53]
Etat Pied-Noir
- Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
- Political party: Etat Pied-Noir[56][57][58][59]
- Status: Active (Established in 2016)
- Proposed state: The federation of the two shores^
- Ethnic group: people of Limousin
- Proposed state:
Limousin
- Political party: Communauté révolutionnaire indépendante limousine
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace[62][63][64]
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Alsatian Alternative, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy[68][69][70]
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan[71] (EFA member), Assemblada Occitana,[72][73] Libertat
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
Franche Comté[74][75]
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
- militant organization: Franche-Comtât Abada!
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
- Proposed: reestablishment of the
County of Nice
- Political party: Ligue pour la restauration des libertés niçoises,[77] Parti niçois
- Proposed autonomous area: Picardy
- Political party: Picardie Debout!
Georgia
[edit]
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[78] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[79] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[80][81][82][83]
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[84][85][86]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
[edit]
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[87][88][89]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- People: Upper Saxons, Saxons
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxony[90][91][92]
- Political party:
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance[93][94][95]
- Non-governmental organization: Domowina
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
East Frisia
- Ethnic group: Frisians
- Political party: Die Friesen (former EFA member)[96][97][98]
- Proposed autonomous region:
Franconia[99]
- Political party: Party for Franconia[100]
Hungary
[edit]
- ethnic group: Romani people in Hungary
Italy
[edit]
Friuli-Venezia Giulia region
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[104] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[105]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy[105]
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[106]
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[107][108]
- Proposed state:
Padania[109]
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North[110][111]
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly),[110] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state:
Mezzogiorno,[112][113] Meridione, Magna Graecia, or Due Sicilie[114][115]
- Political parties (autonomist):[116] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy[117] Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South,
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Sud Ausonia[118]
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily[119][109]
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy[117]
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[120][121]
- Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front,[122] Sicilia Nazione,[123] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[124]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
South Tyrol or unification with 
Tyrol in 
Austria[125][126]
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua[53] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[54]
- Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato[54]
- Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa[55][53]
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
Tuscany - Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato[127][128][129]
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice or autonomy[130][131][132]
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy[133]
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
- youth organization: Independentist Youth
- National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement
- Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
- Political party: Valdostan Union[137][138][139]
- Ethnic group: Sardinian people
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Sardinia.[140][141] - Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo[142]
- Political parties: Sardinian Action Party
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Romagna (shown in green) in the Emilia-Romagna region
- Ethnic group: Romagnol people[143]
- Proposal: divide of
Romagna from 
Emilia-Romagna - Political party: Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna, Lega Romagna
- Proposal: divide of
Lithuania
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous region:
Samogitia[144]
- Political party: Samogitian Party
- Proposed autonomous region:
Malta
[edit]
- People: Gozitans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gozo[145]
- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta),[146] Gozo Party (Defunct)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moldova
[edit].svg){kind=spacer}
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Proposed state: Transnistria [147] or unification with
Russia[147]
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Proposed state:
- De facto state:
- People: Gagauz people
- Proposed State:
Gagauz Republic
- Political organisation: Peoples of Union of Gagauzia[148][149]
- Proposed State:
Montenegro
[edit]Netherlands
[edit]
Location of Friesland
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for
West Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy)[154][155]
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for
Poland
[edit]
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Pomerania[157][158]
- Political party: Kashubian Association
- Advocacy groups: Kashubian Unity Association (creation of an autonomous Pomerania region)[158]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Poles in Greater Poland Voivodeship
- Proposed autonomous area:
Greater Poland[164][165]
- Political party: Konfederacja Wielkopolan[166]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Portugal
[edit]
- ethnic group: Azoreans
- proposed state:
Azores
- militant organization: Azores Liberation Front[168]
- proposed state:
Romania
[edit]
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[170]
- Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party[171]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[172] Provincia,[172] Autonomy for Transylvania[173] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[174][175][176] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[177][178] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[179][180]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[170]
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Székely Land
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[181] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[182] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[183] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[184]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[185]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[186]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia
[edit]Secessionist movements:
Adygea[187]
- People: Circassians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Circassia
- Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (former member of the UNPO)
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan[190] - Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[191] Bashkir Company[192]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center[193]
- Proposed state:
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) - Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
- Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Dagestanis
- Proposed state:
Dagestan
- Militant organization: Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion
- Advocacy group: Dagestani National Center[194]
- Proposed state:
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia
- Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee
- Proposed state:
- People: Russian
- Proposed state:
Baltic Republic/Königsberg
- Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement[196]
- Proposed state:
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia with possible unification with 
Astrakhan Oblast[197]
- Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state:
Karelia
- Militant organisation: Karelian Group
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Cossacks[199]
- Proposed state:
Kuban
- Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League[200]
- Proposed state:
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed state:
Ingria or Republic of St. Petersburg[202]
- Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders[203]
- Proposed state:
- People: Mari
- Proposed federal subject or state:
Mari El
- Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed federal subject or state:
- People: Erzyas
- Proposed state:
Erzyan Mastor[206]
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
- Proposed state:
- People: Mokshas
- Proposed state:
Mokshan state
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee[207]
- Proposed state:
North Caucasian Federal District
- People: Peoples of the Caucasus
- Proposed state:
Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia
- Advocacy groups: Chechen government in exile[208]
- Proposed state:
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan - Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile[209]
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state:
- People: Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Cossackia, 
Don Cossack Host
- Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League[200]
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia[205]
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[210]
- Proposed state:
Russian-occupied Ukraine
[edit]
Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol
- People: Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 
Sevastopol - Proposed:
Crimean Tatar independence or autonomy[211] within unitary 
Ukraine[212]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, Yellow Ribbon
- Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- People: Ukrainians, Pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
- De jure entities within Ukraine:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- Proposed: reunification with Ukraine[213]
- Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
- Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine
- Proposed: reunification with
- De jure entities within Ukraine:
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, .svg){kind=small}
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, 
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,[214][215][216]
- People: Ukrainians, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars (Kherson Oblast)
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Zaporizhzhia Oblast, 
Kherson Oblast, 
Kharkiv Oblast
- Proposed: reunification with Ukraine[217]
- Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
- Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, Berdiansk Partisan Army
- Proposed: reunification with
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Serbia
[edit]
- Secessionist movements
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposal: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia
- Political parties: League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party[218][219][220][221]
- People: Hungarians in Serbia
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina[222]
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
- Political parties: Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Justice and Reconciliation Party[223]
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
- People: Albanians in Serbia
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley[224]
- Political parties: Party for Democratic Action, Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley[225]
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley[224]
Slovakia
[edit]
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[226] or unification with
Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[227] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[228]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[226] or unification with
Spain
[edit]
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country (autonomous community) and 
Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[38]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state:
Catalan Republic – 
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp, Popular Unity Candidacy
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[231][232]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Student movement: AGIR
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Aragonese people
- Proposed state:
Aragon
- political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
- political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida, Aragonese Workers' Union
- coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- movement: Independentismo aragonés
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Catalan people
- proposed: Independence for the
Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
- political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- political party (pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands
- proposed: Independence for the
- ethnic group: Andalusian people
- proposed state:
Andalusia
- political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
- political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
- political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
- proposed state:
- ethnic group: Asturians
- proposed state:
Asturias
- political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
- political party (nationalist): Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
- political party (regionalist):Asturian Renewal Union
- political party (separatist): Andecha Astur
- proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Cartagena within Region of Murcia
- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[237]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
- political party: Juntos por Granada[239]
Sweden
[edit]
- People: Swedes
- Proposed State:
Scania - Political Party: Scania Party
- Proposed State:
Switzerland
[edit]
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[240] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[241]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Ukraine
[edit]
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums
- Proposed: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol independence or autonomy[211] within unitary Ukraine, or unification with Russia (pro-Russian ethnic Russians)[212]
- Proposed:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[242]
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states:
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
- Proposed: unification with Russia[243]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc (partially)
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Carpathian Ruthenia[244][245][246][247]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine,
Rusyns[248]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[249][250]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[251]", "Opposition Bloc" (partially), "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations.[252][253][254][255][256][257] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [258][259][260][261]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary
United Kingdom
[edit]
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[262] English Constitution Party,[263][264]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland or independence[265][266]
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[267] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[268][269] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[270]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member),[271] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,[272] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[273] Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)
- Advocacy groups: Yes Scotland (defunct), Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Wales
- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party, Independent Alliance for Reform
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party, Green Party of England and Wales,[275] Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[276][277]
Communist Party of Britain (Autonomy)[278]
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Northerners
- Proposed state:
Northumbria or greater autonomy within the United Kingdom.
- Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max)[279][280]
- Political parties: Northern Independence Party[281][282][283]
- Proposed state:
- People: Midlanders
- Proposed state:
Mercia
- Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Fifer
- Proposed state: Fife
- Political party: Fife National Party[288]
- Proposed state: Fife
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[289][290][291]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
Cynon Valley[dubious – discuss]
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- Political parties: The Cynon Valley Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gwynedd
- Political parties: Llais Gwynedd
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People from the Isle of Wight (Vectians)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Isle of Wight
- Political parties: Vectis National Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Green Party[292]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Political parties: North East Party[299]
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[300][301][302][303]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- People: Orkney islanders
- Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom[304] or self governance under Norway[305][306]
- Advocacy group: Orkney Council
- Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement
- Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom[304] or self governance under Norway[305][306]
- Separatist movements of dependent territories
- Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
- Proposed state:
Gibraltar
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Manx people
- Proposed state:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Proposed state:
See also
[edit]
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
- List of states with limited recognition
- Independence referendum
References
[edit]- ^ "Separatism", Free Dictionary
- ^ Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
- ^ "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
- ^ Harris, Jerry (2009). The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 978-90-04-17690-4.
- ^ Higgens, Andrew (21 September 2024). "Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ "Azerbaijan authorities must release Talysh activists | Amnesty International". 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
- ^ Demirdjian, Z. S. Andrew (25 May 2021). "Lezgistan: Lurking threat to Azerbaijan". Keghart. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Lezgin Leader Assassinated in Dagestan". Jamestown. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "Lezgins in Azerbaijan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Times, The Brussels. "Bart De Wever wants more autonomy in Flanders". www.brusselstimes.com.
- ^ Times, The Brussels. "Walloons are for greater autonomy, but against separation". www.brusselstimes.com.
- ^ a b Times, The Brussels. "Nearly 40% of Flemish would vote for independence". www.brusselstimes.com.
- ^ Times, The Brussels. "Reunify Flanders and the Netherlands, argues Bart De Wever". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ Tom van Grieken over het herenigen van De Nederlanden, 24 October 2019, retrieved 15 June 2023
- ^ "What if Wallonia became French in 2024?". Le Monde.fr. 10 May 2022.
- ^ Kwast, Ricus van der (18 May 2023). "Le Wallon peut-il être heureux sans identité propre?". Slate.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ Srna (11 August 2015). "Anketa: Više od polovine ispitanika za samostalnost RS, vole Dodika, a vjeruju crkvi". Nezavisne novine (in Serbian). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ Service, RFE/RL's Balkan. "Dodik Says He Wants Bosnian Serb Entity To 'Unite' With Serbia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Diane. 2004. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4289-1020-1.
- ^ Zdeb, Aleksandra (2016). "The Need to Have Something 'Of Their Own': Croat Parallel Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Swiss Political Science Review. 22 (4): 545–564. doi:10.1111/spsr.12231.
- ^ Rose, Eleanor (30 January 2017). "Bosniaks Slap Down Calls for Bosnian Croat Entity". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'".
- ^ Šoštarić, Tomislav. "Istarska autonomija i zagrebački 'histerični centralizam'". balkans.aljazeera.net.
- ^ Boban Valečić, Iva (27 October 2017). "Autonomija Istre kakvu zaziva Jakovčić je neustavna". Večernji list (in Croatian).
- ^ "IDS-ov zastupnik Emil Daus: AUTONOMIJA ISTRE RIJEŠILA BI VEĆINU PROBLEMA NAŠIH GRAĐANA!". Glas Istre (in Croatian). 23 September 2019.
- ^ "Ankara slams Turkish Cypriot leader for remarks, Akıncı backs his words - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Türkiye halkına göre Kıbrıs sorunun çözümü: "KKTC'nin Türkiye'ye bağlanması"". Kıbrıs Postası. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Erdogan visits Northern Cyprus, calls for two-state solution for island". Reuters. 15 November 2020.
- ^ "In Moravia, Bohemians are warned to Czech their privilege". euronews. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ a b Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris. "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ "From the Czech Republic to 'Czechia': Shaping Modern Identity | European Futures". www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ "The Faroe Islands: Independence dreams, globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule".
- ^ Sorens, Jason (13 February 2012). Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-8751-9.
- ^ a b c "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". TheGuardian.com.
- ^ Gråsten, Hanna (12 June 2018). "Ahvenanmaan itsenäisyyttä ajavan puolueen johtaja: Suomesta tulossa yhä enemmän yksikielinen: 'Pienillä askelilla ruotsi suljetaan pois'". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ a b Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-421-2.
- ^ Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-422-9.
- ^ Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-423-6.
- ^ Haute, Emilie van; Close, Caroline (12 February 2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-24549-4.
- ^ "Current Campaigns". Celtic League. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ "Territoriales : les résultats définitifs du second tour". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 13 December 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ^ Sabéran, Haydée (7 July 2008). "Le collège change de nom, le principal est menacé par les extrémistes flamands". Libération.
- ^ "Société : Alors que la Catalogne s'embrase, la Flandre française s'interroge sur elle-même - Flandre Presse". 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Indépendance de la Catalogne: que sait-on sur le Front de libération nationale de Provence?". Nice-Matin (in French). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ mars 2022, Provenco 26 (3 December 2020). "Prouvènço Nacioun ou le rêve d'une Provence autonome". Buzzles (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Catalunya del Nord". locals.esquerra.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "El nou partit 'Oui au Pays Catalan' opta pel regionalisme i la renúncia a la llengua catalana". VilaWeb (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Catalunya Nord per la independència". Assemblea Nacional Catalana (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Catalunya Nord". Òmnium Cultural (in Catalan). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana". joventrepublica.cat. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d "PIEMONTE-SAVOIA, STATO INDIPENDENTE NELL'EUROPA CRISTIANA – Gioventura Piemontèisa". 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Ieri a Torino indipendentisti italiani e francesi han manifestato per un moderno stato di Savoia – Corsica Oggi" (in Italian). 12 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ a b Leonardo (18 September 2014). "Piemonte indipendente, anche noi vogliamo decidere democraticamente". Miglioverde (in Italian). Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "Pourquoi un État Pied Noir - Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied NoirFédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir | La Paix pour seul combat Albert Camus". 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Et voici le gouvernement pied-noir en exil". L'Express (in French). 2 February 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "France : Le Chef de l'Etat Pied-Noir écrit au Président de la République française". www.infosplusgabon.com. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Les Territoires - Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied NoirFédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir". 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Pour le créateur de la CRIL, « le sentiment d'identité des Limousins a été renforcé par la réforme territoriale »". 27 September 2018.
- ^ "La CRIL ( La Communauté Révolutionnaire Indépendantiste Limousine) est un concept vestimentaire unique ! - France Bleu". ici par France Bleu et France 3.
- ^ "Alsace poll: 68% demand 'independence' from Grand Est, seek to regain separate region". Nationalia (in Catalan). 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ^ "Alsace fights back: a French David vs. Goliath story". openDemocracy. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ^ "Fighting for Brittany: autonomy in a centralised state". openDemocracy. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ^ "Grande Normandie : pour Didier Patte, président du Mouvement Normand, " tout commence maintenant "". www.lecourriercauchois.fr. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Didier Patte, fondateur du Mouvement normand, s'en est allé". www.breizh-info.com (in French). 6 February 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "Cross flags in Normandy (France)". www.fotw.info. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "UNPO: Savoy". unpo.org. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "UNPO: Savoy's Long-Ignored Struggle for Self-Determination Finally Makes the Headlines, But at What Cost?". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "UNPO: Brittany and Savoy: French Minority Groups Claim Rights at 9th OHCHR Forum on Minority Issues". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ Zappi, Timothée (20 May 2022). "Législatives dans les Landes : le Partit occitan investit trois candidats" (in French). ISSN 1760-6454. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ Vaiani, Mauro (2 April 2023). "Assemblada Occitana Valadas". Autonomie e Ambiente (in Italian). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ cuneocronaca. "Assemblada Occitana Valades: "L'orgoglio per la nostra terra con le bandiere dai balconi"- Cuneocronaca.it". www.cuneocronaca.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ "60 % des Francs-Comtois souhaitent que la Franche-Comté se sépare de la Bourgogne (sondage Opinion Way) • macommune.info". www.macommune.info.
- ^ "RÉGIONALES : Le Mouvement Franche-Comté demande aux Républicains et au Rassemblement National de mettre dans leurs programmes un référendum de sécession avec la Bourgogne - info-chalon.com - Toute l'info sur le Grand Chalon et en Saône-et-Loire". Info-Chalon.com.
- ^ Boulanger, Philippe (2022). L'identité « nissarte » et le nationalisme niçois au début du XXIe siècle : la résurgence d'un mouvement revendicatif, mais éclaté. pp. 121–133. doi:10.1515/9782763755182-009. ISBN 978-2-7637-5518-2.
- ^ "Ligue pour la Restauration des Libertés Niçoises - site officiel - blog de la LRLN".
- ^ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
- ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
- ^ "Georgia's South Ossetia plans to take steps to join Russia". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Узел, Кавказский. "Gagloev: not right time for referendum on joining Russia". Caucasian Knot. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Fuller, Liz (30 May 2016). "South Ossetia Postpones Referendum On Accession To Russian Federation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ "President: South Ossetia plans to hold referendum on becoming part of Russia before August". TASS. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
- ^ "Georgia: Javakheti Armenians' Call For Autonomy Has Tbilisi On Guard (Part 1)". www.rferl.org.
- ^ Satzung der Bayernpartei, 30. October 2011, from: bayernpartei.de, 28 August 2018
- ^ "Bundesländervergleich: Jeder dritte Bayer für Unabhängigkeit von Deutschland | YouGov". yougov.de (in German). Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ "News Article". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ "Startseite". Freie Sachsen | Die politische Bewegung für Sachsen.
- ^ haitblog (2 March 2022). ""Free Saxons" – A new far right (protest) party on the rise?". Denken ohne Geländer (in German). doi:10.58079/pf1a. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ Lasch, Hendrik. "Unter dem Königswappen für den »Säxit«". nd-aktuell.de (in German). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ ""We want to have a self-determined, democratically legitimated Sorbian Parliament"". 26 June 2023.
- ^ "Sorben und Wenden. Eine Minderheit gründet ein Parlament in der Lausitz". chrismon.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ "Brandenburg: Sorben wählen ein eigenes Parlament". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN 1865-2263. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ "The European Free Alliance gives green light to EU internal enlargement". Nationalia (in Catalan). 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ Joseph. "The Languages of Separatists in Europe: Part 1". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of the Netherlands & Poland". The National. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ Przybilla, Olaf (17 May 2010). "Vorbild Schottland". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "Eine neue Partei fordert mehr Autonomie für die Region Franken. Auch wenn das Hunderte von Jahren dauern könnte". 17 May 2010.
- ^ "Autonóm roma tartományt akar Észak-Magyarországon egy roma párt". 28 September 2017.
- ^ "Cigány autonómia". 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Gypsy territorial autonomy from our four counties?". 13 May 2019.
- ^ "Dopo il Veneto prova anche il Friuli Il "referendum" degli indipendentisti". Corriere della Sera. 27 July 2014.
- ^ a b "I movimenti per l'autonomia e per l'indipendenza in FVG - Bora.La". 17 April 2013.
- ^ "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ "Cos'è pro Lombardia". pro Lombardia Indipendenza.
- ^ "Dal Pirellone alla Laguna: indipendentismo lombardo-veneto | The Fielder". 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ a b Balduzzi, Gianni (10 November 2014). "Sondaggi politici Demos, indipendenza regioni: quanti gli italiani favorevoli". Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ a b Maslova, Elena. "Analytics". Valdai Club. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Milano, si è costituito ufficialmente "Grande Nord"". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Southern Italy flag (unofficial)". www.crwflags.com.
- ^ Paolo, Michele (5 February 2021). "Ask An Italian: Secessionist Movements In Italy". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Οι κάτοικοι της Νότιας Ιταλίας θέλουν να (ξανα)γίνουν Μεγάλη Ελλάδα!". 14 July 2023.
- ^ "Το ανυπότακτο "χωριό" στο Facebook που ονειρεύεται την ένωση Ιταλίας και Ελλάδας". 22 July 2023.
- ^ "Great south to merge with Forza Italia. Freedom, justice and a better Italy". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
- ^ a b "Parties and Elections in Europe". www.parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Strill.it (21 October 2019). "Regionali, il coordinatore di Lega Sud Ausonia Calabria lavora alla lista". strill.it (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris. "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Siciliani Liberi" (in Italian). Siciliani Liberi. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ ""Siciliani liberi", nasce nuovo movimento indipendentista". Giornale di Sicilia (in Italian). 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Fronte Nazionale Siciliano" (in Italian). Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via Facebook.[non-primary source needed]
- ^ "Sicilia Nazione" (in Italian). Sicilia Nazione. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ "Vlaskamp van Loo Attorneys". msln.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.
- ^ "South Tyrol: from secessionist to European dreams". openDemocracy.
- ^ "South Tyrol heading to unofficial independence referendum in autumn". Nationalia (in Catalan). 7 August 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ Testi, Gabrielle (15 December 2019). "Tuscany joins the train of differentiated autonomy". Swiss Federalism. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Nasce il Partito Indipendentista Toscano". www.quinewsvaldelsa.it (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ "Toscana, gli indipendentisti che vogliono dire "addio" all'Italia (e votano M5S)". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 25 May 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ James Masters; Valentina Di Donato (21 October 2017). "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "Italian forces arrest Veneto separatists over alleged plot to attack Venice". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 April 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Pol, R. (2 April 2014). "Indipendentisti, blitz all'alba: 24 arresti Sequestrato 'tanko', in manette Rocchetta". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "CRV - "Maurizio Conte presenta la nuova denominazione del gruppo consiliare" - Press Release - Veneto". ANSA.it (in Italian). 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "The Italian city that wants a divorce". BBC News. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (1 August 2016). "The Free State of Trieste". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ "Shout-out for Trieste: James Joyce's Italian home". Independent.ie. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ "Uv appeals Aosta Valley people to defend autonomy from "continued agression" by the Italian state". Nationalia. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "Consultazioni governo- il calendario. Ecco cosa diranno i partiti al Colle. mattarella "portavoce esigenze dei cittadini"". fattoquotidiano. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "Union valdotaine, riunione autonomisti è "sfida del future"". ansa. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "Will Scottish Independence Create a Bandwagon Effect?". 17 September 2014.
- ^ Santonastaso, Timothy (7 October 2021). "Sardinian Nationalism Looks To Catalonia". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ Davies, Lizzy (23 March 2014). "Italy's separatist spirit takes new shape as Sardinians push to become Swiss". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ ""Sì alla Regione Romagna, No al bluff del Provincione"". RiminiToday.
- ^ "Żmudzki niedźwiedź się budzi » Kresy - wiadomości, wydarzenia, aktualności, newsy".
- ^ "The Flag of rebellion is raised in Gozo - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ "Il-Partit Popolari jipproponi lill-Għawdxin referendum dwar is-sħubija fl-UE". TVMnews.mt. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ a b "EXPLAINER: The Moldovan separatist republic of Transnistria". 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Pro-Russia Populists Attempt to Capture Gagauzia | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ Chapple, Amos (24 March 2023). "In Moldova's Pro-Russian Gagauzia Region, Old Loyalties Die Hard". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "АМЕРИЧКА ОФАНЗИВА: Санџак – ново Косово за Србију". ИСКРА. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ "Ако Србија призна лажну државу, следи Западна омча Београду: Шта се крије иза пројекта "држава Санџак" - Србија данас". www.sd.rs (in Serbian (Cyrillic script)). 26 May 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ "СРБИЈА ПОНОВО НА УДАРУ АМЕРИКЕ! Почиње отцепљење Санџака". www.intermagazin.rs. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ Vojvodine, Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija. "Драгаш: Угљанин заговара сепаратизам". JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of the Netherlands & Poland". The National. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris. "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ^ "Kaszubski Ruch Narodowy | Kaszëbskô Jednota". Archived from the original on 5 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Is Poland a potential patchwork of national and regional identities?". Nationalia (in Catalan). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ^ "RAŚ wzorem dla Mazur. Też chcą autonomii, a my im pomożemy | śląskie Nasze Miasto".
- ^ "Ruch Autonomii Mazur. Czy czeka nas plaga separatyzmu w Polsce?". Rzeczpospolita.
- ^ "Ruch Autonomii Mazur". Archived from the original on 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Stowarzyszenie Ruch Autonomii Gospodarczej Mazur". ngo.pl.
- ^ "Wyszukiwarka KRS". wyszukiwarka-krs.ms.gov.pl.
- ^ KaT. "Autonomia Wielkopolski? Chce tego Konfederacja Wielkopolan". epoznan.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ "Konfederacja Wielkopolan - chcą autonomii gospodarczej regionu". kalisz naszemiasto. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ "Wyszukiwarka KRS". wyszukiwarka-krs.ms.gov.pl. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ "Açores, a independência que nunca chegou".
- ^ "FLA critica comemorações do 10 de junho". 7 August 2023.
- ^ "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
- ^ "Calls to liberate Transylvania from Romania". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
- ^ ""Liga Transilvania-Banat a fuzionat cu PCD"". www.crisana.ro (in Romanian). 2004. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Cooperating regionalist and autonomy movements in Europe" (PDF). Central European University. 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ "Petiție pentru autonomia Transilvaniei, depusă la Prefectura Cluj" [Petition for the autonomy of Transylvania, Cluj filed Prefecture] (in Romanian). Romania libera. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ "Romania Confronts Transylvanian Separatism". United Church of God. July 1999.
- ^ "letter of protest from the command of the Székely-Hungarian National Guard". 17 May 2010.
- ^ "Székely - Hungarian National Guard".
- ^ "De ce "Liga Transilvania Democrată"" [Why "Transylvania Democratic League"] (in Romanian). Neuerweg. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ "Liga Transilvania Democrată a mai anunțat că se va implica și din punct de vedere logistic pentru a obține numărul necesar de semnături" [Transylvania Democratic League announced that it will involve and logistically to get the required number of signatures] (in Romanian). Nova TV. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ "Program" (in Romanian). Liga Banateana. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Bănățenii vor autonomie economică și administrativă: "Acest lucru nu înseamnă independența sau ruperea de România"" [Economic and administrative autonomy of Banat: "This does not mean independence or breaking of Romania"] (in Romanian). Adevărul. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Borbély az autonómiatervezet ről: ejnye, hogy megijedtünk!" [Barber's autonomy from the draft: ahem, that scared!] (in Romanian). kronika. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ "Jövő héten egyeztet az MPP és az RMDSZ az autonómia-tervezetről". transindex.ro. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ "Cultural autonomy and territorial federalism: two voting options for Hungarians in Transylvania". Nationalia. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Megalakult a Partiumi Autonómia Tanács" [The formation of the Partium Council Autonomy] (in Hungarian). Kitekinto. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Szekler National Council". Székely Land. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ "Nyílt pályázat a Partium jelképeinek megtervezésére" [Open tender for the design of the Partium symbols] (in Hungarian). Erdely. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ УЗНАРОДОВ, Д.И. (2019). "ЧЕРКЕССКИЙ ВОПРОС НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ: ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ" (PDF). Caucasology (3): 222–236. doi:10.31143/2542-212X-2019-3-222-239. S2CID 211390612.
- ^ a b Шатилов, Александр Борисович (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014–2021 гг.)". Власть. 4: 22–26. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ Imperial Russia: Prospects for Deimperialization and Decolonization 31/01/2023 European Parliament. Retrieved 12 September 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ Eltsov, Peter (3 August 2019). "The Best Way to Deal With Russia: Wait for It to Implode". Politico. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ Relations, Quinten JansenStudent at the Rijksuniversiteit studying International; Politics, Philosophy in (14 November 2022). "Bashkir Separatism Movement Fights Against Russia's War From Within". The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "В составе ВСУ появилось башкирское воинское подразделение". RFE/RL (in Russian). 2 December 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ "Башкорты и башкирцы". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "Prigozhin's Rebellion and the North Caucasus". Riddle Russia. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
- ^ Шатилов, Александр (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014-2021 ГГ.)". Власть. 4: 22–26.
- ^ "БРП: история с продолжением". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ "Калмыцкое государство, Ногайская республика или "Поволжский Евросоюз"?". Idel.Реалии (in Russian). 17 November 2022.
- ^ Излученко, Татьяна; Гергилев, Денис (2021). "СЕПАРАТИЗМ КАК РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ ЭКСТРЕМИЗМА: СОЦИАЛЬНО ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ". Вестник Томского государственного университета (427): 30–37. doi:10.17223/15617793/472/4. S2CID 256656514.
- ^ Бредихин, А.В. (2016). "Казачий сепаратизм на юге России". Казачество: 36–44. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ a b Kond, Ragnar. "Free Nations League holds first meeting in Estonia". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ a b Витковская, Татьяна; Назукина, Мария (2021). "ТРАЕКТОРИИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛИЗМА В РОССИИ: ОПЫТ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН". Мир России. Социология. Этнология. 30 (1): 68–81.
- ^ Kotsiubinsky, Daniel (2019). "Символика петербургского регионализма: попытка создания новых городских символов и причины её неудачи в 1990-2000-х гг". Публичная политика. 3 (1–2): 89–110.
- ^ ""Я обязательно выучу названия этих 34 государств" В Европейском парламенте прошел "Форум свободных народов России". Его участники хотят разделить страну на несколько десятков государств. Репортаж "Медузы"". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ Наталія (25 November 2022). "IV Форум свободных народов постРоссии проведут в шведском Хельсингборге — что известно". Freedom (in Russian). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Иванов, Василий (2013). "Национал-сепаратизм в финно-угорских республиках РФ и зарубежный фактор" (PDF). ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ. 6 (21): 95–100.
- ^ "Эрзянь Мастор". Свободный Идель-Урал (in Russian). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ "Комитет мокшан в эмиграции заявил о желании объединиться с Эрзянским национальным движением в борьбе за независимость". Idel.Реалии. 7 January 2023.
- ^ "В Комитете ингушской независимости заявили, что не имеют отношения к проекту "Горской республики", представленной Закаевым". Новости Ингушетии Фортанга орг (in Russian). 21 March 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF TATARSTAN - CNN iReport". 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ Goble, Paul (24 March 2018). "Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Gelil Eserghep, președintele UDTTMR, despre situația tătarilor din Crimeea: "Nu ne dorim ca Peninsula Crimeea să devină a doua Transnistria"". ZIUA de Constanța (in Romanian). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Crimean Tatar autonomy: Mejlis urges to introduce bills to Parliament". Ukrinform. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "Im Widerstand in der besetzten Ukraine: "Für die Russen sind wir Terroristen"". www.kurier.at (in German). 30 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "'It was scary': acts of resistance in Russian-occupied Kherson". www.theguardian.com. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "В окупованому Куп'янську люди вийшли на мітинг за Україну". www.pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine war: Protests held in Russian occupied Ukrainian cities Kherson, Energodar and Berdyansk". inews. 20 March 2022.
- ^ ""Yellow Ribbon": non-violent civil resistance movement in Ukraine". www.sci.ngo. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "Нови Сад со сепаратистички натписи: "Плоштад на Република Војводина"". Сител Телевизија (in Macedonian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Васељенска (3 March 2023). "СКАНДАЛ СВИ СЕПАРАТИСТИ НА ЈЕДНОМ МЕСТУ: На протесту подршке "храбрим тужитељкама" промоција НЕЗАВИСНЕ Војводине (ФОТО)". Васељенска ТВ (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Драган Веселинов: Грађани Војводине би изгласали независност да је припреман референдум; Ко год је хтео србијанску шајкачу, нај*** је". Нова српска политичка мисао (in Serbian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "ДАЧИЋ: Чанак да се не игра, Војводина није Каталонија". ИСКРА. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Hungarian Minority in Serbia Seek Autonomy". Stratfor.
- ^ "Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija". Večernje novosti.
- ^ Бојовић, Александар. "Албански сепаратизам још тиња на југу Србије". Politika Online.
- ^ "СЕПАРАТИЗАМ: У Прешеву основана Заједница албанских општина (ЗАО), без Медвеђе". 12 September 2015.
- ^ "Berényi: A tömbnek területi, a szórványnak kulturális autonómiát". bumm.sk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Head of party for ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia says autonomy necessary for minority's survival". politics.hu. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ "A felvidéki önrendelkezés kilátásairól az autonómia albizottság ülésén". mkp.sk. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ "Catalan independence: Five years on from referendum, is there any hope for separatists?". October 2022.
- ^ "Galicia: Spain's forgotten stateless nation". openDemocracy.
- ^ Independència Valenciana (Valencian)
- ^ "Noticias - Valenciafreedom - La web que lucha contra la imposicion catalanista". valenciafreedom.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of Spain". 28 August 2017.
- ^ "Garriga (Vox): «El plan separatista de Cataluña ha llegado a Baleares". 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Vox pide que el Parlamento andaluz exprese su apoyo a la Guardia Civil frente a los "terroristas" del "separatismo"". 9 October 2019.
- ^ "Cinco vallas que identifican oficialidad con separatismo". www.lavozdeasturias.es.
- ^ Llionesa, Ruchar Mocedá (18 April 2016). "Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa: Presentación RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa". Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ "La mayoría de granadinos estarían a favor de dividir Andalucía en dos, según una encuesta". 10 January 2022.
- ^ "César Girón, ideólogo del 'Granadexit' y único candidato a la Junta que no se siente andaluz". 17 June 2022.
- ^ "Mouvement autonomiste jurassien" [Jura autonomist movement] (in French). Maj.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ "Groupe Bélier – Mouvement de lutte pour l'Unité du Jura" [Aries Group – Movement struggling for Jura Unity] (in French). Groupebelier.ch. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ Pro-Russian Protesters Declare 'People's Republic' In Kharkiv, retrieved 16 July 2022
- ^ "Russian senator hints at possible annexation of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions". 20 May 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine Accuses Hungarian Advocacy Org of Separatism". Hungary Today. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Statehood at Risk: The Kremlin's Secessionist Plans | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian News". Archived from the original on 29 October 2008.
- ^ "Foreign interference in the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine: The 2019 elections and beyond". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Rusyn National Symbology" (PDF).
- ^ Higgins, Andrew (5 October 2018). "At War With Russia in East, Ukraine Has Worries in the West, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Zakarpattia – together, but separated". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Русины Закарпатья требуют признания своей национальности и автономии края через диалог - ТАСС". TACC. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС » Інтернет-видання Світловодськ". 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Дмитрий Сидор отказался давать показания СБУ и "наехал"на журналистов | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "ПОЛІТИЧНЕ РУСИНСТВО І ЙОГО СПОНСОРИ НАДЗВИЧАЙНО ЦІКАВІ НЕ ТІЛЬКИ ДЛЯ ЗАКАРПАТТЯ | УЖГОРОД - ОКНО В ЕВРОПУ - UA-REPORTER.COM". 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ Гвать, Іван (3 March 2016). "Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб". Радіо Свобода. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "The Rusyn Question in Ukraine: Sorting out Fact from Fiction" (PDF). 27 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Political and Ethno-Cultural Aspects of the Rusyns' Problem" (PDF). 10 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС". Інтернет-видання Світловодськ.
- ^ "'Nobody here is asking to leave Ukraine': Minorities see Russian meddling". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "A new deepened conflict in the heart of Europe? – TudományON" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ Mirovalev, Mansur (3 August 2020). "More Separatist Rumblings Cloud Ukraine's Future". WhoWhatWhy. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "English Democrats seek independence for England". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "English independence group campaign for English parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Watch: English nationalists march through the city demanding a parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Neither British nor Irish rule: arguments for Northern Ireland independence in Unionist political thought". 13 December 2021.
- ^ "Northern Ireland and Scotland Are on a Long Road Out of the UK". The Washington Post.
- ^ Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ^ "SDLP councillor quits to join Aontú". News Letter. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ^ Kelly, Ben (11 February 2019). "The Irish parties reaching across the border towards a new era for nationalism". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ^ Connla Young (26 January 2018). "Republican groups have no plans for ÓNH-style ceasefire". The Irish News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ "Scottish government renews call for extra powers on tax and welfare". The Guardian. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ "@redpartyscot" on Twitter
- ^ "About | Scottish Independence Referendum Party".
- ^ Leigh-Hewitson, Nadia. "Why Cornish independence could be no joke". dlv.prospect.gcpp.io.
- ^ "Green Party will support calls for a Cornish Assembly". The Cornish Guardian. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ Graeme Demianyk (10 March 2014). "Liberal Democrats vote for Cornish Assembly". The Western Morning News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ "Spring Conference 2014". Liberal Democrats. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ https://www.communistparty.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Communist-Party-Progressive-federalism-4.pdf
- ^ "An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". The Lancashire magazine. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Ex-MP pushes for northern parliament - Blackpool Gazette". 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Niven, Alex (3 April 2021). "Is the Northern Independence party more serious than it looks?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "The curious case of the Northern Independence Party and the future of the British Left". The Courier Online. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "An independent north? What an England severed in two might look like". The Independent. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "'Londependence' May be a Dream, but More Autonomy for the City is Not". 28 June 2016.
- ^ "It's time for London to leave the UK". Independent.co.uk. 25 June 2016.
- ^ "Londoners call for independence from UK - Politics - London 24". Archived from the original on 25 June 2016.
- ^ Hill, Dave (7 December 2022). "Independence for London? The case for, the case against - and the choice of national anthem". OnLondon. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ "Fife should declare independence from Scotland, new political party claims". 17 August 2021.
- ^ "Residents of Canvey Island in Essex plot 'Catalan-style' revolt from mainland". 17 October 2017.
- ^ "First Catalonia, next Canvey Island".
- ^ "Canvey Island wants independence from mainland Britain". The Independent. 16 October 2017.
- ^ "Shetland autonomy gets seal of approval from the greens". 30 October 2023.
- ^ Mark Stead (24 March 2012). "We want devolution, says York council leader". The York Press. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "The official website of the "Yorkshire Independence – Campaign for devolution"". 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
- ^ The Yorkshire devolution movement, Facebook Account[non-primary source needed]
- ^ "David Blunkett MP suggests 'Yorkshire Parliament'". News. BBC. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
- ^ The Yorkshire devolution movement, Word press
- ^ Yorkshire devolution
- ^ Smith, Dominic (10 June 2014). "Ex Labour MP forms The North East Party". The Guardian.
- ^ "The Case for Wessex" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2006.
- ^ "Let's run our own affairs in Wessex". Western Daily Press. Europe Intelligence Wire. 23 February 2007.
- ^ "Autonomy for Wessex in UK". Western Daily Press. Europe Intelligence Wire. 26 March 2007.
- ^ "All hail Wessex region". Bristol Evening Post. Europe Intelligence Wire. 16 May 2003.
- ^ "First Brexit, now Orxit? Politicians on Scotland's Orkney Islands vote to explore more autonomy". Associated Press News. 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Orkney proposals to become territory of Norway". BBC News. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "Orkney steps up calls for more autonomy". BBC News. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "The Liberal Party of Gibraltar". www.liberal.gi.
- ^ "The Liberal Party of Gibraltar".
- ^ "Advocate of Independence Wins in Gibraltar". The New York Times. 26 March 1988.
- ^ Hon. J. J. Bossano (1994). "The Decolonization of Gibraltar". Fordham International Law Journal. 18 (5).
- ^ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of England". 28 August 2017.
External links
[edit]- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018, retrieved 21 June 2014.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible