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Receiver (firearms)

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A disassembled Mauser action showing a partially disassembled receiver and bolt

In firearms terminology and at law, the firearm frame or receiver is the part of a firearm which integrates other components by providing housing for internal action components such as the hammer, bolt or breechblock, firing pin and extractor, and has threaded interfaces for externally attaching ("receiving") components such as the barrel, stock, trigger mechanism and iron/optical sights.[1] Various firearm receivers often come with 1 or 2 sections, the upper receiver which houses the barrel/trunnion, bolt components etc and the lower receiver (Trigger Mechanism Housing in some cases) that holds the fire control group, pistol grip, selector, stock etc.[2]

The receiver is often made of forged, machined, or stamped steel or aluminium. Apart from these traditional materials, modern techniques have introduced polymer and sintered metal powder receivers to the market.[3]

Mounting

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A barrel may typically be affixed to a firearm receiver using barrel and receiver action threads or similar methods.

In US law

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See also: Parts kit
AR-15 rifles showing their configurations with different upper receivers. The lower receiver is visible at the bottom

For the purposes of United States law, the receiver or frame is legally the firearm,[4] and as such it is the controlled part. The definition of which assembly is the legal receiver varies from firearm to firearm, under US law. Generally, the law requires licensed manufacturers and importers to mark the designated receiver with a serial number, the manufacturer or importer, the model and caliber. Makers of receivers are restricted by International Traffic in Arms Regulations. Thus, in the case of a firearm that has multiple receiver parts, such as the AR-15, which has an upper and a lower receiver, the legally controlled part is the one that is serialized.[5]

For the AR-15 rifle, the lower receiver assembly is legally considered the actual receiver,[5] although it is functionally a chassis that also houses the separate trigger group. In the FN-FAL rifle, it is the upper assembly that is serialized and legally considered the receiver.[6][7] This has led to prosecutors dropping charges against illegal manufacturing of AR-type firearms to avoid court precedents establishing that neither the upper nor the lower receiver individually contain all the components to be legally classified as a firearm.[8]

Unfinished receivers

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"Unfinished receivers", also called "80 percent receivers" or "blanks", are partially completed receivers with no serial numbers. Purchasers must perform their own finishing work in order to make the receiver usable. The finishing of receivers for sale or distribution by unlicensed persons is against US law.[9] Because an unfinished 80% receiver is not a firearm, purchasers do not need to pass a background check.[9] The resulting firearm is known as a "ghost gun".[10]

During the Biden Administration, the ATF imposed regulations on the sale and marketing of unfinished receivers and kits containing them by revising the legal definition of receivers to include "a partially complete, disassembled, or nonfunctional frame or receiver, including a frame or receiver parts kit, that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to function as a frame or receiver". (The term "receiver" was also redefined as referring to non-handgun firearms, while "frame" was redefined as referring to handguns exclusively.) The new definitions went into effect on August 24, 2022.[11] In the case VanDerStok v. Garland, filed on June 30, 2023, a federal court in Texas ruled that the new ATF regulations exceeded the agency's statutory authority, and struck them down.[12] However, on August 8, 2023, the Texas court's nationwide vacatur was temporarily placed on hold by the Supreme Court of the United States, leaving the new ATF regulations on unfinished receivers in place.[13]

Zero Percent Receiver

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A Zero Percent Receiver is a rectangular billet of metal of the appropriate size to make a finished receiver, but without any machining whatsoever. In California it is unlawful to possess an unserialized zero percent receiver, and it is unlawful to ship one into the state[14]

3D printed receivers

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As of 2024, several designs and atleast two designs for 3D printable polymer lower unfinished receivers for the AR-15 have been released: the AR Lower V5 and the Charon. 3D printed designs may also be used to produce privately made firearms.[15]

Name Date made public Type Process Designer Caliber
AR Lower V5[16] 2013-032013, March[16] Receiver: AR-15 rifle lower receiver[16] FDM[17] Defense Distributed[16] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
  • The receiver was able to handle enough stress to fire more than 600 rounds.[16]
Charon[18][19][20] 2013-05May 2013[18] Receiver: AR-15 rifle lower receiver[18][19][20] FDM[21] WarFairy[19][20] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
  • Charon V3 weighs 0.2 pounds and showed no signs of strain after 96 rounds of 5.56 AR-15 ammo were fired.[21]
WarFairy P-15[18] 2013-052013, May[18] Receiver: AR-15 rifle lower receiver[16] FDM[21] WarFairy[19][20] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
Hanuman AR-15 Bullpup[22][23] 2014-052014, May[22][23] Receiver: AR-15 rifle bullpup lower receiver[22][23] FDM w/ ABS WarFairy[22][23] .223 Rem/ 5.56x45
  • According to the creators, "It requires a bufferless upper to function, such as the ARAK-21 or Rock River Arms PDS Carbine, or a regular upper with a CMMG Style .22 LR Conversion installed."[22]
Ruger Charger[24][25][26] 2014-072014, July[25] Receiver: Ruger 10/22 semi-automatic pistol[25] FDM[27] "Buck-o-Fama" (pseudonym)[25] .22 Long Rifle
A pistol version of the popular Ruger 10/22 rifle.[24][25]
CM901[28] 2015-032015, March Receiver: AR-10 Receiver FDM Printed Firearm[29] 7.62×51mm
Lopoint / Bigpoint[30] 2019, November (v1); 2020, November (,40/.45); 2021, May (v2) Frame: Hi-Point pistol frame FDM CTRLPew / Atmac / freeman1337 9×19mm Parabellum, .380 ACP, .40 S&W, .45 ACP
  • Compatible with Hi-Point C9, CF380, JCP, and JHP parts.
  • Extremely cheap due to the high availability of the required parts kits.
Scz0rpion[31] 2020, October Receiver: CZ Scorpion Evo 3 receiver FDM Are We Cool Yet? 9×19mm Parabellum
  • First 3D printed frame to be successfully tested with 1000+ rounds full auto in one sitting without failure.[32][33]
3011 / 3011DS[34] 2021, November; 2023, January (DS) Receiver: 1911 based PDW FDM Deterrence Dispensed .45 ACP, 9×19mm Parabellum, .22 TCM
  • Utilizes a 1911 slide for the upper, and an AR-15 fire control group.
  • An updated version, called the 3011DS, allows the use of double-stack higher capacity Remington and RIA magazines.
3DPD10[35][36] 2023, April Frame: Pistol frame FDM Avidity Arms 9×19mm Parabellum
  • A 3D-printable frame for the Avidity Arms PD10.
  • This design is notable as the first firearm released by commercial company designed to be 3D printed.[37]

In Canadian law

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See also: Firearms regulation in Canada § Classifications

The receiver or frame is legally the firearm, and as such it is the part that requires a manufacturer's serial number and valid Possession and Acquisition Licence to acquire and own. In the case of a handgun frame or revolver frame, it is the part that requires a Restricted-class PAL (RPAL), and registration.

References

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  1. ^ "27 CFR 478.11: Meaning of terms". US Government. 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016. Firearm frame or receiver. That part of a firearm which provides housing for the hammer, bolt or breechblock, and firing mechanism, and which is usually threaded at its forward portion to receive the barrel.
  2. ^ Royal Air Force Common Core and Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS
  3. ^ "HK416 modular assault rifle / carbine / upper receiver assembly (Germany)". Retrieved 5 Aug 2010.
  4. ^ "Firearms - Frequently Asked Questions - Firearms Technology | ATF". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b Muramatsu, Kevin (2015). "The State of the AR Industry". In Jerry Lee (ed.). Gun Digest 2016. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4402-4430-8.
  6. ^ Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; Spleeters, Damien (31 August 2015). Identifying & Tracing the FN Herstal FAL Rifle: Documenting signs of diversion in Syria and beyond. Australia: Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-9924624-6-8.
  7. ^ "27 CFR 478.11: DEFINITION OF FIREARM FRAME OR RECEIVER". ATF. 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  8. ^ Scott Glover (11 October 2019). "He sold illegal AR-15s. Feds agreed to let him go free to avoid hurting gun control efforts". CNN. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  9. ^ a b Horwitz, Sari (May 13, 2014). "'Unfinished receivers,' a gun part that is sold separately, lets some get around the law". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  10. ^ Stanton, Sam; Walsh, Denny (December 19, 2015). "California black market surges for 'ghost guns'". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  11. ^ 87 FR 24652
  12. ^ VanDerStok v. Garland (US District Court for the Northern District of Texas 2022-08-11) ("This case presents the question of whether the federal government may lawfully regulate partially manufactured firearm components, related firearm products, and other tools and materials in keeping with the Gun Control Act of 1968. Because the Court concludes that the government cannot regulate those items without violating federal law, the Court holds that the government’s recently enacted Final Rule, Definition of “Frame or Receiver” and Identification of Firearms, 87 Fed. Reg. 24,652 (codified at 27 C.F.R. pts. 447, 478, and 479), is unlawful agency action taken in excess of the ATF’s statutory jurisdiction. On this basis, the Court vacates the Final Rule."), Text.
  13. ^ Liptak, Adam (2023-08-08). "By 5-4 Vote, Supreme Court Revives Biden's Regulation of 'Ghost Guns'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-08-29. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
  14. ^ "0% Billet AR-15 Lower Receiver".
  15. ^ Greenberg, Andy (June 3, 2015). "I Made an Untraceable AR-15 Ghost Gun in My Office And It Was Easy". Wired. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Biggs, John (March 1, 2013). "Defense Distributed Prints An AR-15 Receiver That Has Fired More Than 600 Rounds". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2013. ()
  17. ^ Printed AR Lower v5 Review, Defense Distributed official tumblr blog (archive)
  18. ^ a b c d e 3D-printed Hybrid AR-15/FN P90 Lower and 12 Gauge Slugs Make Web Debut, outdoorhub, May 22, 2013. (archive)
  19. ^ a b c d Slowik, Max, Meet the Charon Family of 3D-Printable AR Lowers (Photos), 3 June 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d Slowik, Max, "3D Printing Community Updates Liberator with Rifle, Pepperbox and Glock-Powered ‘Shuty-9′", 1 July 2013.
  21. ^ a b c Charon V3, grabcad, September 3, 2013. (archive)
  22. ^ a b c d e WarFairy’s 3D Printable AR-15 Bullpup, firearmblog, May 27, 2014. (archive)
  23. ^ a b c d Check out this 3D-printable bullpup for AR-pattern uppers, Guns.com, May 27, 2014. (archive)
  24. ^ a b 3D Printed Semi-automatic Ruger Charger Pistol is Assembled and Fired – ‘If you take my gun, I’ll print another!’, 3Dprint, July 4, 2014. (archive)
  25. ^ a b c d e 3D-Printed Semiautomatic .22 Debuts. "If you take my gun, I will simply print another one.", Reason, July 2014. (archive)
  26. ^ 3D Printed Ruger Style Pistol Demo by Buck O’ Fama ~ Video, Ammoland, July 4, 2014. (archive)
  27. ^ 3D Printing Lets Man Assemble Ruger Charger Pistol Without Legal Paperwork, Softpedia, July 8, 2014. (archive)
  28. ^ Great, now 3D-printed rifles can fire larger, deadlier rounds
  29. ^ (in Turkish) 3D Yazıcıdan Üretilen Ölümcül Tüfek!
  30. ^ C, Luke (2019-12-09). "This 3D Printed Hi-Point May Be the Cheapest Pistol in Existence". The Firearm Blog. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  31. ^ "The AWCY 3D Printed Scz0rpion - Is a 3D printed Sub Gun Viable?". The Firearm Blog. 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  32. ^ "The AWCY 3D Printed Scz0rpion - Is a 3D printed Sub Gun Viable?". The Firearm Blog. 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  33. ^ "AWCY? Scz0rpion 1000 rd crucible test". gunstreamer.com. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  34. ^ "Ivan The Troll Introduces the 3011 Pistol - A 1911 that "Doesn't Suck"". The Firearm Blog. 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  35. ^ "PD10 Pistol". Avidity Arms. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  36. ^ S, Jeremy (2023-09-01). "Gun Review: Avidity Arms PD10 9mm Pistol". The Truth About Guns. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  37. ^ Arms, Avidity (2023-05-09). "3DPD10 Parts Kit at JSD Supply!". Avidity Arms. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
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